C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Normative influence

Normative influence occurs when people conform to be liked or thought positively of by others, matching the scenario described.
Option a is incorrect because role conformity refers to behaviors expected from specific positions within groups, not general workplace adaptation to norms.
Option c is incorrect because social learning emphasizes observing and modeling behavior rather than conforming to gain acceptance from group members.
Option d is incorrect because group cohesion describes emotional bonds between members rather than the process of adapting behavior to fit in.

Correct Answer: Context retrieval

Context-dependent retrieval explains how being in the same physical environment where learning occurred improves memory recall of information.
Option a is incorrect because state-dependent retrieval involves matching psychological or physiological states during learning and recall, not physical locations.
Option c is incorrect because encoding specificity is broader and includes both context and state factors rather than specifically location-based recall.
Option d is incorrect because memory interference describes how new or old information disrupts recall rather than enhancing it through environmental cues.

Correct Answer: Physical proximity

Research demonstrates that physical closeness to an authority figure significantly influences obedience levels, as shown in Milgram's experiments.
Option a is incorrect because social distance refers to emotional or relational closeness between people rather than actual physical space between them.
Option c is incorrect because authority presence remains constant whether near or far; it's the physical distance that changes obedience rates.
Option d is incorrect because communication clarity can be maintained through phone calls; the critical factor is physical nearness to authority.

Correct Answer: Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Anxious-ambivalent attachment style involves wanting relationships while simultaneously fearing them, creating emotional instability in connections with others.
Option a is incorrect because secure attachment involves comfort with closeness and interdependence without fear of relationship loss or instability.
Option b is incorrect because avoidant attachment involves discomfort with intimacy and structuring life to avoid closeness rather than wanting it.
Option d is incorrect because disorganized attachment wasn't mentioned in the material and represents inconsistent caregiving responses in childhood experiences.

Correct Answer: Base of neck

The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck and regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body.
Option a is incorrect because the pancreas is the abdominal organ behind the stomach that regulates blood sugar and digestion.
Option c is incorrect because the pituitary gland sits below the brain at its base, controlling other endocrine glands' functions.
Option d is incorrect because the adrenal glands are located near the kidneys and produce stress hormones like cortisol.

Correct Answer: Conformity pressure

Conformity involves changing behavior to follow group norms, which immigrants face when deciding between homeland and new country customs.
Option a is incorrect because cultural assimilation is a broader sociological concept rather than the specific psychological process of conformity described.
Option c is incorrect because identity formation involves developing self-concept rather than specifically adjusting behaviors to match group norms.
Option d is incorrect because social integration encompasses multiple processes beyond just the conformity decisions immigrants make about cultural behaviors.

Correct Answer: Interference types

These examples demonstrate retroactive and proactive interference, where new learning affects old memories and vice versa respectively.
Option a is incorrect because encoding failures occur when information isn't properly processed into long-term memory initially, not memory conflicts.
Option b is incorrect because memory decay refers to gradual forgetting over time rather than active disruption between different memories.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval cues are environmental or mental triggers that help access memories rather than disrupting them.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls physical coordination, time estimation, and attention; damage causes the unsteady gait seen in injured athletes.
Option a is incorrect because the brainstem is a broader structure that includes multiple parts and primarily handles basic life functions.
Option b is incorrect because the medulla controls automatic functions like breathing and blood circulation rather than coordination and balance.
Option d is incorrect because the pons serves as a bridge between brain regions rather than directly controlling coordination and timing.

Correct Answer: Critical evaluation

Critical evaluation involves assessing theories and claims for accuracy rather than agreeing automatically, prioritizing truthfulness over agreeableness.
Option b is incorrect because respectful disagreement is one component of critical evaluation but doesn't capture the full analytical assessment process.
Option c is incorrect because constructive feedback focuses on improvement suggestions rather than evaluating truth claims and theoretical accuracy systematically.
Option d is incorrect because professional courtesy might actually lead to inappropriate agreement rather than honest evaluation of incorrect theories.

Correct Answer: Cortisol

Cortisol, produced by adrenal glands during stress, can damage the hippocampus and suppress immune function when chronically elevated.
Option a is incorrect because testosterone is a sex hormone produced by gonads that affects reproduction rather than stress response.
Option b is incorrect because estrogen is a female sex hormone that doesn't directly cause hippocampal damage or immune suppression.
Option d is incorrect because adrenaline causes immediate fight-or-flight responses rather than the chronic damage associated with prolonged cortisol exposure.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love involves altruistic caring, spending time and resources on another without the intensity of passionate romantic love.
Option a is incorrect because passionate love involves intense feelings, sexual attraction, and fear of relationship loss rather than calm caring.
Option c is incorrect because intimate love isn't a standard category; intimacy is one dimension within the triangular model of love.
Option d is incorrect because committed love isn't a recognized type; commitment is a dimension that can exist with various love types.

Correct Answer: Memory distortion

Memory distortion occurs when external information interferes with actual memories, changing witness testimony through post-event information exposure.
Option a is incorrect because false implantation specifically refers to creating entirely new false memories rather than altering existing ones.
Option c is incorrect because encoding failure happens when information isn't properly stored initially, not when it's altered later.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval interference involves difficulty accessing memories rather than the memories themselves being changed by outside information.

Correct Answer: Pons

The pons bridges the medulla and midbrain while connecting upper brain regions to the cerebellum for coordinated functioning.
Option a is incorrect because the hypothalamus regulates hormones and basic drives rather than serving as a structural bridge between regions.
Option c is incorrect because the thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex rather than bridging brainstem structures together physically.
Option d is incorrect because the corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres rather than linking brainstem and cerebellar structures.

Correct Answer: Group roles

Roles are behaviors expected from members in specific group positions, distinct from norms that apply to all members generally.
Option a is incorrect because social norms are general rules applying to most group members rather than position-specific behavioral expectations.
Option c is incorrect because status markers indicate social position but don't specifically define the expected behaviors for those positions.
Option d is incorrect because position duties is not a recognized psychological term for position-specific behavioral expectations within group dynamics.

Correct Answer: Amnesia

Amnesia involves complete memory loss over entire time spans, distinct from normal forgetting that affects only selected information.
Option a is incorrect because interference syndrome isn't a recognized disorder; interference is a normal process affecting specific memory retrieval.
Option b is incorrect because encoding deficits prevent initial memory formation rather than causing loss of already-formed memories across timeframes.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval failure affects accessing specific memories rather than complete loss over entire time periods consistently.

Correct Answer: Replication

Replication involves repeating study methods to compare results with original findings, establishing reliability of scientific conclusions across studies.
Option a is incorrect because validation refers to measuring what a method claims to measure rather than repeating studies for consistency.
Option c is incorrect because verification is a general term for checking accuracy rather than the specific scientific process described.
Option d is incorrect because confirmation suggests proving hypotheses correct rather than the neutral process of comparing repeated study results.

Correct Answer: Peripheral system

The peripheral nervous system connects the brain to body organs bidirectionally through its autonomic and somatic subsystem components.
Option a is incorrect because the central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord rather than connections to body organs.
Option c is incorrect because the autonomic system is one part of the peripheral system rather than the entire organ-connecting system.
Option d is incorrect because the somatic system is another peripheral subsystem rather than the complete system connecting brain and organs.

Correct Answer: Informational influence

Informational social influence occurs when people conform because they believe others' views are correct or appropriate for the situation.
Option a is incorrect because normative influence involves conforming to be liked rather than believing others have accurate information about situations.
Option c is incorrect because compliance pressure is a general term rather than the specific type of influence based on information accuracy.
Option d is incorrect because authority influence relates to obeying commands rather than adopting beliefs based on perceived information correctness.

Correct Answer: Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland, located below the hypothalamus, controls other endocrine glands through messenger hormones while following hypothalamic commands.
Option a is incorrect because the thyroid controls metabolism rather than regulating other glands through messenger hormones throughout the body.
Option c is incorrect because the pineal gland produces melatonin for sleep regulation rather than controlling other endocrine glands systemically.
Option d is incorrect because adrenal glands produce stress hormones rather than messenger hormones that regulate other glandular functions comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love combines intimacy and commitment without passion, creating emotionally close, committed relationships lacking sexual desire components.
Option a is incorrect because complete love would include all three dimensions including the passion that's explicitly absent here.
Option c is incorrect because empty love involves only commitment without either intimacy or passion being present in the relationship.
Option d is incorrect because romantic love combines intimacy with passion rather than intimacy with commitment minus passionate feelings.