C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 2 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Direct observation

Direct observation involves researchers taking careful methodical notes on phenomena without interference or instrumental recording of the behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because systematic documentation is a general process rather than the specific method of firsthand observation without instruments.
Option c is incorrect because field notation emphasizes location rather than the careful observational method without interference that characterizes direct observation.
Option d is incorrect because behavioral recording typically involves instruments or devices rather than just methodical note-taking by researchers themselves.

Correct Answer: Cortisol interference

Chronic cortisol production from stress interferes with immune system function, increasing infection susceptibility and slowing healing processes significantly.
Option a is incorrect because adrenaline causes immediate fight-or-flight responses rather than the chronic immune suppression described in this scenario.
Option c is incorrect because hormone imbalance is too general rather than specifically identifying cortisol's role in immune system disruption.
Option d is incorrect because stress toxicity isn't a recognized mechanism; the specific process involves cortisol interfering with immune responses.

Correct Answer: Avoidant style

Avoidant attachment style involves discomfort with intimacy, leading people to structure their lives to avoid emotional closeness systematically.
Option a is incorrect because secure attachment involves comfort with closeness and interdependence rather than structuring life to avoid intimacy.
Option c is incorrect because anxious style involves wanting relationships while fearing them rather than consistently avoiding closeness through life structure.
Option d is incorrect because fearful style isn't one of the three main attachment categories identified in the psychological literature.

Correct Answer: Activating systems

The reticular formation contains activating systems that maintain alertness and produce nervous system reactions through hypothalamic connections effectively.
Option a is incorrect because alert systems is descriptive rather than the technical term for reticular formation components maintaining wakefulness states.
Option c is incorrect because arousal networks isn't the specific terminology for the two main reticular formation parts described here.
Option d is incorrect because wake centers oversimplifies the complex activating systems that regulate both alertness and nervous system reactions.

Correct Answer: Charitable interpretation

Charitable interpretation means assuming legitimate intent when messages are ambiguous and could have legal, appropriate interpretations before rejecting requests.
Option b is incorrect because presumed legitimacy isn't the established term for interpreting ambiguous requests in the most positive light possible.
Option c is incorrect because benefit assumption doesn't capture the specific practice of interpreting ambiguous communications charitably before making judgments.
Option d is incorrect because positive inference is too general rather than the specific principle of charitable interpretation in professional contexts.

Correct Answer: Information contamination

Information contamination occurs when external sources like media reports interfere with and alter witnesses' original memories of events.
Option a is incorrect because source confusion involves mixing up where memories came from rather than external information changing existing memories.
Option b is incorrect because memory interference typically refers to memories disrupting each other rather than external information altering memories specifically.
Option d is incorrect because recall modification describes the outcome rather than the process of external information contaminating original memories systematically.

Correct Answer: Medulla

The medulla is the lowest brainstem part that automatically controls vital functions like breathing, swallowing, and circulation continuously.
Option a is incorrect because the pons bridges brain structures rather than being the lowest part controlling automatic vital functions described.
Option c is incorrect because the midbrain is above the medulla and pons rather than being the lowest automatic control center.
Option d is incorrect because the cerebellum controls coordination and balance rather than automatic vital functions like breathing and circulation.

Correct Answer: Sampling bias

Sampling bias occurs when non-random participant selection causes certain attributes to be overrepresented compared to the population studied.
Option a is incorrect because selection bias is less specific than sampling bias, which directly addresses non-random participant selection issues methodologically.
Option c is incorrect because population error refers to mistakes about the entire population rather than biased sample selection specifically.
Option d is incorrect because representative failure describes an outcome rather than the specific bias from non-random sampling procedures used.

Correct Answer: State dependency

State-dependent retrieval shows that matching psychological or physiological states during learning and recall improves memory performance significantly.
Option a is incorrect because context matching refers to physical environments rather than internal psychological or physiological states like caffeine effects.
Option c is incorrect because mood congruence specifically involves emotional states rather than broader physiological states from substances like coffee.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval consistency isn't an established principle; the phenomenon specifically involves state-dependent memory retrieval processes.

Correct Answer: Experimentation

Experimentation is the formal process of testing proposed problems or issues through systematic scientific methods to validate theories.
Option a is incorrect because investigation is broader than the specific systematic testing process that defines scientific experimentation methods formally.
Option c is incorrect because validation is one possible outcome rather than the overall process of testing through systematic methods.
Option d is incorrect because hypothesis testing is one component rather than the complete experimentation process described in scientific methodology.

Correct Answer: Social norms

Social norms are behavioral guides that groups enforce through sanctions, defining appropriate actions for members across various contexts.
Option a is incorrect because group rules suggests formal regulations rather than the often unwritten norms enforced through social sanctions.
Option c is incorrect because behavioral standards is less precise than norms, which specifically involve enforcement through group-applied penalties systematically.
Option d is incorrect because conduct codes implies written formal rules rather than the social norms enforced through group dynamics.

Correct Answer: Conformity

Conformity occurs when people change behavior to follow group norms, especially when minorities doubt themselves on difficult tasks.
Option a is incorrect because group pressure is the force causing change rather than the actual behavioral change phenomenon of conformity.
Option c is incorrect because majority influence describes the source rather than the conformity behavior that results from this influence specifically.
Option d is incorrect because social compliance suggests following requests rather than the internalized doubt and behavior change defining conformity.

Correct Answer: Romantic love

Romantic love combines passion and intimacy without commitment, featuring sexual desire and emotional closeness minus long-term dedication decisions.
Option a is incorrect because passionate love emphasizes intense attraction and fear of loss rather than the combination with intimacy described.
Option c is incorrect because intimate love isn't a standard category; intimacy is one dimension that combines with others differently.
Option d is incorrect because incomplete love isn't technical terminology; romantic love specifically describes the passion-intimacy combination without commitment.

Correct Answer: Endocrine system

The endocrine system consists of glands secreting hormones directly into blood rather than through ducts to external surfaces.
Option a is incorrect because hormonal system is descriptive rather than the formal name for glands secreting substances into bloodstream directly.
Option c is incorrect because secretory system includes all secreting structures rather than specifically those releasing hormones into blood internally.
Option d is incorrect because internal system is too vague rather than identifying the specific endocrine glands and their bloodstream secretions.

Correct Answer: Validity problem

Validity problems occur when instruments don't measure intended constructs, regardless of how consistently they produce the same results.
Option a is incorrect because reliability problems involve inconsistent results rather than consistently measuring the wrong construct as described here.
Option c is incorrect because measurement error typically involves random variations rather than systematically measuring something different than intended consistently.
Option d is incorrect because calibration issues affect accuracy rather than the fundamental problem of measuring unintended constructs despite consistency.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls physical coordination and balance; damage from repeated impacts causes the unsteady gait in athletes.
Option a is incorrect because brainstem damage would affect vital functions rather than specifically causing the coordination problems athletes exhibit.
Option b is incorrect because cortex damage would affect thinking and sensory processing rather than the balance issues described specifically.
Option d is incorrect because hippocampus damage affects memory formation rather than physical coordination and walking steadiness in athletes.

Correct Answer: Encoding failure

Encoding failure occurs when information isn't processed well enough initially to enter long-term memory storage for retention.
Option a is incorrect because decay theory suggests memories fade over time rather than never being properly stored initially at all.
Option c is incorrect because retrieval failure involves inability to access stored memories rather than failure to store them originally.
Option d is incorrect because memory loss is a general term rather than the specific encoding failure preventing initial storage completely.

Correct Answer: American Association

The American Psychological Association sets professional standards and ethical guidelines while representing psychologists throughout the United States professionally.
Option a is incorrect because National Association doesn't include the specific field of psychology in the organizational name as required.
Option c is incorrect because Psychology Board suggests regulatory authority rather than the professional association setting voluntary ethical standards nationally.
Option d is incorrect because Ethics Council would focus solely on ethics rather than broader professional representation and standard setting.

Correct Answer: Informational conformity

Informational conformity occurs when people conform because they believe others possess correct information about uncertain situations effectively.
Option a is incorrect because normative conformity involves conforming to be liked rather than believing others have accurate information about situations.
Option c is incorrect because social proof is a related concept but doesn't specifically capture conformity based on information accuracy beliefs.
Option d is incorrect because authority influence involves obeying commands rather than adopting behaviors based on perceived information correctness specifically.

Correct Answer: Endocrine system

The endocrine system produces hormones regulating fluid levels, metabolism, and stress responses through interconnected glands throughout the body.
Option a is incorrect because the nervous system uses electrical signals rather than producing hormones that regulate these bodily functions chemically.
Option c is incorrect because the circulatory system transports hormones rather than producing them to regulate metabolism and stress responses.
Option d is incorrect because regulatory system is too general rather than specifically identifying the hormone-producing endocrine gland network described.