C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Memory contamination

Memory contamination occurs when external information from media and interviews alters original witness memories, affecting legal testimony accuracy significantly.
Option b is incorrect because witness influence is vague rather than specifically describing how external information contaminates original memory formation processes.
Option c is incorrect because testimony distortion describes the outcome rather than the contamination process where external sources alter authentic memories.
Option d is incorrect because recall interference typically involves internal memory conflicts rather than external information contaminating original witness memories specifically.

Correct Answer: Pancreas

The pancreas serves dual roles in digestion and blood sugar regulation through hormone production including insulin for glucose control.
Option a is incorrect because the stomach primarily digests food through acid rather than regulating blood sugar through hormone production systemically.
Option c is incorrect because the liver processes nutrients and toxins rather than producing insulin for blood sugar regulation specifically described.
Option d is incorrect because intestines absorb nutrients rather than producing the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels throughout the body.

Correct Answer: Avoidant attachment

Avoidant attachment involves wanting relationships theoretically while actively structuring life to avoid the emotional closeness that intimacy requires.
Option a is incorrect because secure attachment involves comfort with intimacy rather than structuring life to avoid emotional closeness despite wanting relationships.
Option c is incorrect because anxious attachment involves actively seeking closeness while fearing abandonment rather than avoiding intimacy through life structure.
Option d is incorrect because disorganized attachment shows inconsistent behaviors rather than the systematic avoidance pattern despite relationship desire described here.

Correct Answer: Group norms

Group norms are rules applying equally to all members, enforced through sanctions, unlike roles that are position-specific behavioral expectations.
Option a is incorrect because universal rules suggests absolute standards rather than the group-specific norms enforced through social sanctions described here.
Option c is incorrect because general standards lacks the enforcement mechanism through penalties that specifically characterizes how group norms function socially.
Option d is incorrect because social expectations is broader than norms, which specifically involve enforcement through group-applied sanctions for violations systematically.

Correct Answer: Measurement reliability

Reliability means getting consistent results repeatedly, which is separate from validity or whether you're measuring the intended construct.
Option a is incorrect because validity concerns measuring the right thing rather than just getting consistent results regardless of measurement target.
Option c is incorrect because accuracy implies correctness rather than the consistency of results that defines reliability in measurement contexts specifically.
Option d is incorrect because precision refers to measurement detail rather than the consistency across repeated measurements that characterizes reliability technically.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum has surface area nearly equaling the cerebral cortex, enabling complex functions beyond basic motor coordination control capabilities.
Option a is incorrect because the hippocampus handles memory formation rather than having the extensive surface area matching cortical dimensions described.
Option c is incorrect because the amygdala processes emotions and is much smaller than the surface area described in the question.
Option d is incorrect because the thalamus relays sensory information rather than having surface area comparable to the entire cerebral cortex.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love involves altruistic caring through dedicating time and resources without expecting reciprocation, typical of parental feelings described.
Option a is incorrect because parental love is descriptive rather than the technical psychological term companionate love used in research literature.
Option c is incorrect because unconditional love emphasizes acceptance regardless of behavior rather than the resource dedication aspect described here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because protective love emphasizes safety rather than the altruistic time and resource giving that defines companionate love.

Correct Answer: Proximity influence

Proximity influence shows how physical closeness to authority figures significantly affects obedience and compliance rates in behavioral situations studied.
Option a is incorrect because distance effect is general rather than specifically addressing the authority-proximity relationship affecting compliance rates demonstrated in research.
Option c is incorrect because authority gradient suggests hierarchy levels rather than the physical distance factor affecting compliance rates specifically described.
Option d is incorrect because spatial compliance combines concepts awkwardly rather than using the established proximity influence principle from obedience research.

Correct Answer: State retrieval

State-dependent retrieval occurs when matching psychological states during encoding and recall enhances memory performance in testing situations significantly.
Option a is incorrect because mood matching describes the similarity rather than the technical retrieval phenomenon where state similarity improves recall performance.
Option c is incorrect because context dependency refers to physical environments rather than internal psychological or mood states affecting memory retrieval.
Option d is incorrect because emotional priming involves activation rather than the state-matching effect on memory retrieval described in the question.

Correct Answer: Review board

Institutional review boards formally evaluate research risks and benefits before approving studies involving human participants for ethical compliance.
Option a is incorrect because ethics board is informal terminology rather than the official institutional review board designation used in research settings.
Option c is incorrect because safety panel emphasizes physical safety rather than comprehensive ethical review of risks and benefits for participants.
Option d is incorrect because research committee is generic rather than the specific institutional review board that approves studies ethically described here.

Correct Answer: Replication

Replication involves repeating research procedures to compare results with originals, establishing scientific findings' consistency across independent studies conducted separately.
Option a is incorrect because verification implies checking correctness rather than the specific process of repeating studies to compare results systematically described.
Option c is incorrect because validation confirms appropriateness rather than the repetition process that establishes consistency across multiple independent research attempts.
Option d is incorrect because confirmation suggests proving hypotheses correct rather than the neutral replication process comparing results across studies objectively.

Correct Answer: Pituitary

The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands through messenger hormones while following instructions from the hypothalamus above it.
Option a is incorrect because the thyroid regulates metabolism rather than controlling other glands through messenger hormones as described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because the pineal gland produces melatonin for sleep rather than controlling other endocrine glands throughout the body.
Option d is incorrect because adrenal glands produce stress hormones rather than the messenger hormones controlling other glands systematically described here.

Correct Answer: Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old similar information, like updated commands affecting previous version memory.
Option a is incorrect because proactive interference involves old knowledge interfering with new learning rather than new disrupting old as described here.
Option c is incorrect because memory displacement suggests replacement rather than the interference between old and new similar information described specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because skill interference is descriptive rather than the technical term retroactive interference used in memory research studies.

Correct Answer: Group roles

Group roles are position-specific behavioral expectations distinct from general norms that apply equally to all group members universally.
Option a is incorrect because position duties sounds occupational rather than the sociological concept of roles within group dynamics described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because status behaviors suggests hierarchy rather than the specific expectations tied to particular positions within groups systematically described.
Option d is incorrect because member functions is generic rather than the technical term roles used for position-specific group behavioral expectations.

Correct Answer: Informational influence

Informational influence occurs when people conform believing others have correct information, especially in ambiguous or uncertain situations requiring guidance.
Option a is incorrect because social influence is too broad rather than specifically conformity based on believing others have accurate information described.
Option c is incorrect because normative influence involves conforming for acceptance rather than believing others possess correct information about uncertain situations specifically.
Option d is incorrect because peer influence doesn't specify the information-based reason for conformity that characterizes informational social influence described here.

Correct Answer: Peripheral system

The peripheral nervous system contains autonomic and somatic subsystems, enabling bidirectional communication between brain and body organs throughout.
Option a is incorrect because the central system includes brain and spinal cord rather than the connections to body organs described here.
Option c is incorrect because external system isn't anatomical terminology; peripheral correctly describes the nervous system outside brain and spinal cord.
Option d is incorrect because connecting system is descriptive rather than the anatomical term peripheral for nerves linking brain to body.

Correct Answer: Amnesia

Amnesia involves complete memory loss over entire time spans, distinct from normal forgetting affecting only selected information pieces.
Option a is incorrect because memory disorder is too general rather than specifically identifying amnesia as complete time-period memory loss described.
Option c is incorrect because forgetting syndrome isn't established terminology for the complete time-span memory loss that characterizes amnesia specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because recall failure suggests retrieval problems rather than the complete absence of memories over entire time periods.

Correct Answer: Pons

The pons bridges medulla and midbrain while connecting upper brain areas to the cerebellum for integrated neural functioning coordination.
Option a is incorrect because bridge structure is descriptive rather than the anatomical term pons identifying this specific brainstem component described here.
Option c is incorrect because connector is generic rather than the specific anatomical structure pons that bridges these brain regions together systematically.
Option d is incorrect because neural bridge describes function rather than the anatomical name pons for this brainstem bridging structure specifically.

Correct Answer: Testes

Testes are male gonads producing androgens like testosterone for reproduction and sexual behavior, paired with ovaries in females.
Option a is incorrect because prostates are accessory reproductive glands rather than the primary hormone-producing gonads described in this question specifically.
Option c is incorrect because glands is too general rather than identifying testes as the specific male gonads producing sexual hormones.
Option d is incorrect because organs is even more general rather than the specific testes that are male reproductive hormone-producing gonads.

Correct Answer: Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when old memories block new learning, like previous phone numbers interfering with memorizing current ones effectively.
Option a is incorrect because backward interference isn't standard terminology; the correct term is proactive for old information blocking new learning.
Option c is incorrect because forward blocking reverses the direction; proactive interference specifically involves old information disrupting new memory formation described.
Option d is incorrect because prior interference is descriptive rather than the technical term proactive interference used in memory research literature.