C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 4 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Therapeutic boundaries

Therapeutic boundaries protect both professionals and clients by maintaining appropriate emotional distance while still providing effective psychological support during treatment.
Option a is incorrect because professional distance sounds cold rather than the warm but boundaried relationship that therapeutic boundaries create in practice.
Option c is incorrect because clinical detachment implies lack of empathy rather than the balanced emotional engagement with boundaries described here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because emotional regulation refers to managing feelings rather than establishing professional relationship boundaries in therapeutic contexts described comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls balance and motor coordination; repeated head trauma damages this structure causing the walking difficulties athletes experience.
Option a is incorrect because frontal lobe damage affects decision-making and personality rather than the balance and coordination problems described here.
Option c is incorrect because temporal lobe damage impacts hearing and memory rather than the motor control issues affecting athletes' walking.
Option d is incorrect because occipital lobe processes vision rather than controlling the balance and coordination functions impaired in injured athletes.

Correct Answer: Conformity behavior

Conformity behavior occurs when minorities adopt majority viewpoints, especially in ambiguous situations where determining correct answers proves difficult or impossible.
Option a is incorrect because social pressure is the force causing change rather than the actual conformity behavior of adopting majority opinions.
Option c is incorrect because group dynamics encompasses many processes beyond the specific conformity behavior when minorities match majority views described.
Option d is incorrect because peer influence is broader than the specific conformity to majority opinions during ambiguous situations described here comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Anxious-ambivalent style

Anxious-ambivalent attachment involves wanting closeness while fearing abandonment, creating the unstable emotional patterns in relationships described here comprehensively throughout.
Option a is incorrect because secure style involves comfort with intimacy without abandonment fears rather than the conflicted pattern described here specifically.
Option b is incorrect because avoidant style involves avoiding closeness entirely rather than wanting it while simultaneously fearing loss as described.
Option d is incorrect because resistant style isn't standard attachment terminology; anxious-ambivalent correctly describes this conflicted relationship pattern from childhood development.

Correct Answer: Group roles

Group roles define position-specific behavioral expectations, distinct from universal norms that apply equally to all group members regardless of position.
Option a is incorrect because social positions identify locations in hierarchy rather than the behavioral expectations attached to those positions described here.
Option c is incorrect because member statuses indicate rank rather than the specific behaviors expected from different positions within group structures systematically.
Option d is incorrect because position norms incorrectly combines concepts; norms are universal while roles are the position-specific expectations described comprehensively here.

Correct Answer: Reliability

Reliability involves obtaining consistent results across repeated measurements, independent of whether the intended construct is being measured accurately or appropriately.
Option a is incorrect because validity concerns measuring intended constructs correctly rather than just achieving consistent results across multiple measurement attempts described.
Option c is incorrect because accuracy implies correct measurement rather than the consistency across attempts that defines reliability in research methodology.
Option d is incorrect because consistency describes the outcome rather than the technical methodological concept of reliability being demonstrated here specifically.

Correct Answer: Master gland

The pituitary is called master gland because its messenger hormones control other endocrine glands while following hypothalamic instructions systematically.
Option a is incorrect because control gland is descriptive but not the common term master gland used for the pituitary gland specifically.
Option c is incorrect because primary gland doesn't convey the controlling relationship over other glands that master gland terminology indicates clearly here.
Option d is incorrect because central gland suggests location rather than the controlling function that earned the pituitary its master gland designation.

Correct Answer: State dependency

State-dependent retrieval shows memory improves when psychological states match between learning and recall, like caffeine effects during both activities.
Option a is incorrect because context matching refers to physical environments rather than internal psychological states created by substances like caffeine described.
Option c is incorrect because mood congruence specifically involves emotional states rather than broader physiological conditions from substances affecting memory retrieval.
Option d is incorrect because condition matching is descriptive rather than the established state-dependent retrieval principle demonstrated in memory research studies.

Correct Answer: Results sharing

Results sharing is the scientific method step where researchers distribute findings for peer evaluation and independent replication attempts systematically.
Option a is incorrect because publication step emphasizes the medium rather than the broader process of sharing results for scientific scrutiny described.
Option b is incorrect because dissemination step uses business language rather than the scientific method terminology of results sharing described here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because peer review is one component of results sharing rather than the complete methodological step described comprehensively here systematically.

Correct Answer: Proximity principle

The proximity principle shows physical closeness to authority dramatically affects obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's controversial experimental research studies.
Option a is incorrect because authority effect doesn't specify the physical distance component that critically influences obedience rates as described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because distance factor is generic rather than the established proximity principle from obedience research literature described comprehensively here systematically.
Option d is incorrect because obedience gradient suggests varying levels rather than the specific proximity effect on compliance rates demonstrated experimentally here.

Correct Answer: Cortisol

Cortisol produced during chronic stress damages the hippocampus and suppresses immune function, increasing infection susceptibility and slowing wound healing.
Option a is incorrect because dopamine regulates reward and motivation rather than causing the stress-related damage and immune suppression described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because serotonin affects mood regulation rather than producing the brain damage and immune problems from chronic stress described.
Option d is incorrect because melatonin regulates sleep cycles rather than causing hippocampal damage and immune suppression during chronic stress periods.

Correct Answer: Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information, like current passwords interfering with previous password memories.
Option a is incorrect because memory decay involves gradual forgetting over time rather than active disruption from new learning described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because proactive interference works oppositely, with old information disrupting new learning rather than new affecting old memories.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval failure suggests temporary access problems rather than the systematic interference from new learning described comprehensively here.

Correct Answer: Amnesia

Amnesia involves complete memory loss over entire time spans, fundamentally different from normal forgetting of selected specific events or information.
Option a is incorrect because dementia involves progressive cognitive decline rather than the complete time-period memory loss that characterizes amnesia specifically described.
Option c is incorrect because confusion affects current thinking rather than the complete absence of memories over entire time periods described here.
Option d is incorrect because disorientation involves spatial and temporal confusion rather than complete memory loss over entire time spans characterizing amnesia.

Correct Answer: Encoding failure

Encoding failure prevents information from entering long-term memory due to inadequate initial processing during the original exposure to material.
Option a is incorrect because processing deficit is general rather than the specific encoding failure preventing long-term memory storage described here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because storage problem suggests maintaining memories rather than the initial encoding failure preventing storage from occurring originally.
Option d is incorrect because memory error is too broad rather than specifically identifying encoding failures preventing long-term memory formation described systematically.

Correct Answer: Group sanctions

Group sanctions are penalties enforcing behavioral norms through negative consequences, maintaining social order by punishing violations of established expectations systematically.
Option a is incorrect because social controls is broader than the specific sanctions or penalties groups use to enforce behavioral norms described.
Option c is incorrect because peer penalties emphasizes equals rather than the group-level sanctions that enforce norms across all members comprehensively described.
Option d is incorrect because norm enforcement describes the process rather than the sanctions themselves that groups use as enforcement mechanisms specifically.

Correct Answer: Pons

The pons bridges brainstem regions and connects the cerebellum to higher brain areas, integrating neural communication pathways throughout the system.
Option a is incorrect because connector is generic rather than the specific anatomical term pons for this bridging brainstem structure described here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because bridge describes function rather than the anatomical name pons identifying this specific brainstem component described systematically here throughout.
Option d is incorrect because link is descriptive rather than the technical anatomical term pons for this neural bridging structure described specifically here.

Correct Answer: Endocrine system

The endocrine system produces hormones affecting both physical organs and psychological states including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors systemically throughout.
Option a is incorrect because the nervous system uses electrical signals rather than hormones to affect organs and psychological states described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because the circulatory system transports substances rather than producing the hormones affecting organs and psychology described comprehensively here systematically.
Option d is incorrect because regulatory system is too general rather than specifically identifying the hormone-producing endocrine glands described throughout this question.

Correct Answer: Informational influence

Informational influence causes conformity when people believe others have accurate knowledge about uncertain situations, distinct from social acceptance motivations described.
Option a is incorrect because normative influence involves conforming for acceptance rather than believing others possess accurate information about ambiguous situations specifically described.
Option c is incorrect because social influence is too broad rather than specifically the information-based conformity when situations are uncertain described here.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive influence isn't standard terminology for the informational social influence causing conformity through perceived knowledge accuracy described.

Correct Answer: Informed consent

Informed consent requires explaining procedures, risks, and benefits before participants voluntarily agree, with proper documentation of this agreement process systematically.
Option a is incorrect because ethical consent is partial rather than the complete informed consent including risk, benefit, and procedure disclosure described comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because research agreement is generic rather than the specific informed consent process with mandatory disclosures described here systematically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because voluntary consent emphasizes willingness rather than the information provision that defines informed consent requirements described specifically here comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Secure attachment

Secure attachment involves comfort with closeness and interdependence without fearing loss, characterizing approximately fifty-nine percent of adults studied scientifically.
Option a is incorrect because healthy attachment is evaluative rather than the technical term secure attachment used in developmental psychology research specifically.
Option c is incorrect because stable attachment isn't standard terminology; secure attachment is the established term for this adaptive relationship pattern described.
Option d is incorrect because normal attachment is judgmental rather than the technical secure attachment describing comfortable interdependence without loss fears systematically.