C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 5 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Observational learning

Observational learning occurs when individuals watch others to understand expectations before modifying their own behaviors to match organizational culture systematically.
Option a is incorrect because cultural assimilation is broader sociological concept rather than the specific psychological learning process through observation described here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because social adaptation describes the outcome rather than the observational learning mechanism used to understand workplace expectations specifically described.
Option d is incorrect because workplace conditioning suggests automatic responses rather than deliberate observation and behavioral modification described systematically throughout this question here.

Correct Answer: Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when old memories prevent new learning, like previous phone numbers blocking current number memorization described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because retroactive blocking would involve new information affecting old memories rather than old disrupting new learning described specifically here.
Option c is incorrect because memory competition is descriptive rather than the technical term proactive interference used in memory research literature comprehensively described.
Option d is incorrect because learning disruption is general rather than specifically identifying proactive interference where old memories block new formation systematically described.

Correct Answer: Pancreas

The pancreas serves essential dual functions in digestion and blood sugar control through insulin and other hormone production described comprehensively here.
Option a is incorrect because the liver processes nutrients and detoxifies rather than producing insulin for blood glucose regulation described specifically here systematically.
Option c is incorrect because the gallbladder stores bile rather than producing hormones for blood sugar control and digestion described comprehensively throughout here.
Option d is incorrect because the spleen filters blood and supports immunity rather than regulating glucose and aiding digestion described systematically here.

Correct Answer: Review role

The review role involves committees evaluating risks versus benefits to determine if research can proceed ethically with human participants involved.
Option a is incorrect because oversight role implies ongoing monitoring rather than the pre-study review of risks and benefits described specifically here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because safety role focuses on physical harm rather than comprehensive ethical review including all risks and benefits described systematically.
Option d is incorrect because ethics role is one aspect rather than the complete review function evaluating multiple factors described comprehensively throughout here systematically.

Correct Answer: Anxious pattern

Anxious-ambivalent attachment involves desiring closeness while fearing abandonment, creating the emotional instability in relationships described comprehensively throughout this question systematically.
Option a is incorrect because secure pattern involves comfort with intimacy without abandonment fears rather than the unstable pattern described specifically here throughout.
Option c is incorrect because avoidant pattern involves avoiding closeness entirely rather than wanting it while fearing loss as described systematically here.
Option d is incorrect because resistant pattern isn't standard attachment terminology; anxious-ambivalent correctly describes this conflicted relationship approach from childhood experiences described.

Correct Answer: Information contamination

Information contamination occurs when external sources like media alter original memories, affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because memory distortion is the result rather than the contamination process where external information changes authentic memories described specifically.
Option c is incorrect because recall corruption sounds like data loss rather than the systematic alteration through external information exposure described comprehensively here.
Option d is incorrect because witness suggestibility describes susceptibility rather than the actual contamination process altering memories through external sources described systematically.

Correct Answer: Proximity effect

Proximity effect shows physical closeness to authority significantly increases compliance compared to remote command delivery in experimental research studies described.
Option a is incorrect because authority distance describes the variable rather than the proximity effect principle demonstrated in obedience research described comprehensively here.
Option c is incorrect because spatial influence is generic rather than the specific proximity effect established through systematic obedience studies described specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because distance compliance combines concepts awkwardly rather than the established proximity effect terminology from behavioral research described systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Medulla

The medulla is the brainstem's lowest part controlling automatic vital functions including breathing, circulation, and swallowing without conscious control needed.
Option a is incorrect because the pons bridges structures rather than being the lowest section controlling automatic vital functions described specifically here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because the midbrain is above rather than the lowest brainstem part controlling automatic life functions described systematically throughout here.
Option d is incorrect because hindbrain includes multiple structures rather than specifically the medulla controlling automatic vital reflexes described comprehensively here specifically throughout.

Correct Answer: Group norms

Group norms are universal rules enforced through sanctions applying to all members equally, unlike position-specific roles within group structures described.
Option a is incorrect because social rules is less precise than norms, which specifically involve group enforcement through penalties described comprehensively here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because common standards lacks the enforcement mechanism through sanctions that characterizes how group norms function described specifically here comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because shared expectations doesn't capture the penalty enforcement aspect that defines group norms versus position-specific roles described systematically here.

Correct Answer: Secure attachment

Secure attachment involves comfortable interdependence without loss fears, characterizing the majority of adults in attachment research studies described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because balanced attachment isn't standard terminology; secure attachment is the established term for this adaptive pattern described comprehensively here.
Option c is incorrect because healthy attachment is evaluative rather than the technical term secure attachment used in developmental psychology described specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because stable attachment isn't recognized terminology for the secure style involving comfortable closeness without anxiety described systematically throughout here.

Correct Answer: Cortisol

Cortisol from chronic stress damages hippocampal structures and suppresses immunity, increasing infection susceptibility and slowing healing processes described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because adrenaline triggers immediate responses rather than causing chronic hippocampal damage and immune suppression described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because dopamine regulates reward rather than causing the stress-related brain damage and immune problems described systematically here comprehensively throughout.
Option d is incorrect because oxytocin promotes bonding rather than damaging brain structures and suppressing immune function during stress described specifically here systematically.

Correct Answer: Reliability

Reliability means producing consistent results across repeated measurements, separate from whether those measurements are accurate or valid described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because precision refers to measurement detail rather than consistency across multiple attempts that defines reliability described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because validity involves measuring intended constructs rather than just achieving consistent results that characterizes reliability described systematically here comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because accuracy implies correctness rather than the consistency across measurements that defines reliability in research described specifically here.

Correct Answer: Amnesia

Amnesia involves complete memory absence over entire time spans, fundamentally different from normal selective forgetting of specific information described systematically.
Option a is incorrect because fugue state involves identity confusion rather than the complete time-period memory absence characterizing amnesia described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because memory loss is general rather than specifically the complete time-span absence that defines amnesia described systematically here comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because dissociation involves detachment rather than the complete memory absence over entire periods characterizing amnesia described specifically here.

Correct Answer: Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference happens when new learning disrupts old memory recall, like updated commands interfering with previous version memory described systematically.
Option a is incorrect because forward interference isn't standard terminology; retroactive specifically describes new information affecting old memory described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because backward interference reverses the direction; retroactive means new learning disrupting old recall as described systematically here comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because update interference is descriptive rather than the technical term retroactive interference used in memory research described specifically here.

Correct Answer: Conformity

Conformity occurs when individuals adopt majority views, particularly on ambiguous tasks where personal judgment feels uncertain or unreliable described systematically.
Option a is incorrect because group pressure is the force causing change rather than the conformity behavior of adopting majority opinions described specifically here.
Option c is incorrect because social compliance suggests following orders rather than voluntarily adopting majority views due to self-doubt described comprehensively here systematically.
Option d is incorrect because majority rule implies voting rather than the psychological conformity process through self-doubt on ambiguous tasks described specifically.

Correct Answer: Replication

Replication involves repeating methods to compare results with originals, establishing scientific consistency across independent research studies described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because verification implies confirming accuracy rather than the comparative process of replication across studies described specifically here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because validation confirms appropriateness rather than the repetition comparing results that defines replication described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option d is incorrect because duplication suggests copying rather than the scientific replication process comparing results across independent studies described systematically here.

Correct Answer: Somatic division

The somatic division controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information, representing one peripheral nervous system component with autonomic division described.
Option a is incorrect because autonomic division controls involuntary functions rather than voluntary movements and conscious sensory transmission described specifically here comprehensively throughout.
Option c is incorrect because motor division addresses only movement rather than both voluntary control and sensory transmission described systematically here specifically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because sensory division addresses only sensation rather than both sensory information and voluntary movement control described comprehensively here.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love combines intimacy and commitment without passion, creating emotionally close, committed relationships lacking sexual desire components described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because friendly love isn't technical terminology; companionate specifically describes the intimacy-commitment combination without passion described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option c is incorrect because empty love involves only commitment without either intimacy or passion rather than the two-dimension combination described here.
Option d is incorrect because platonic love typically describes friendships rather than the intimate-committed romantic relationships without passion described specifically here comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Thyroid

The thyroid at neck base regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body while ensuring proper growth and developmental processes described systematically.
Option a is incorrect because parathyroid glands regulate calcium rather than controlling metabolism and growth throughout the body described specifically here comprehensively throughout.
Option c is incorrect because the thymus supports immune function rather than regulating cellular metabolism and development described systematically here specifically throughout comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because lymph nodes filter immune cells rather than producing metabolism-regulating hormones for growth described comprehensively here specifically systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Hypotheses

Hypotheses are proposed explanations serving as starting points that researchers test through systematic scientific investigation methods described comprehensively here systematically throughout.
Option a is incorrect because theories are well-established explanations after extensive testing rather than initial proposals for investigation described specifically here comprehensively throughout.
Option c is incorrect because predictions are expected outcomes rather than the broader proposed explanations that hypotheses represent scientifically described systematically here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because postulates are assumed truths rather than testable proposed explanations that define hypotheses in research described comprehensively here.