C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 2 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Debriefing session

Debriefing sessions occur after studies when researchers explain purposes and participants can ask questions about their involvement experiences.
Option a is incorrect because exit protocol suggests procedural steps rather than the interactive explanation and question session that defines debriefing.
Option c is incorrect because closure meeting is business terminology rather than the specific research practice of post-study participant debriefing.
Option d is incorrect because final interview implies data collection rather than explaining study purposes and answering participant questions afterward.

Correct Answer: Somatic system

The somatic system controls voluntary muscle movements and transmits sensory information between body and brain through peripheral nerves.
Option a is incorrect because the autonomic system controls involuntary functions rather than voluntary muscle movements and conscious sensory transmission described.
Option c is incorrect because motor system only addresses movement rather than both voluntary movement and sensory information transmission included.
Option d is incorrect because sensory system only addresses sensation rather than both sensory transmission and voluntary muscle control together.

Correct Answer: Secure attachment

Secure attachment involves comfort with closeness and interdependence without relationship loss fears, characterizing the majority of adults studied.
Option a is incorrect because anxious attachment involves fearing relationships while wanting them rather than the security and comfort described here.
Option c is incorrect because avoidant attachment involves avoiding closeness rather than seeking interdependence without fear as described in question.
Option d is incorrect because stable attachment isn't standard terminology; secure attachment is the established term for this relationship pattern.

Correct Answer: Informed consent

Informed consent requires researchers to explain procedures, risks, and benefits before participants agree to participate in studies formally.
Option a is incorrect because voluntary participation is one aspect but doesn't include the information provision defining informed consent requirements comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because ethical approval refers to institutional review rather than the specific participant agreement process after information disclosure.
Option d is incorrect because participant agreement is generic rather than the formal informed consent process including risk and benefit disclosure.

Correct Answer: Retroactive interference

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information, like recent passwords interfering with previous ones.
Option a is incorrect because proactive interference involves old information interfering with new learning rather than new disrupting old memories.
Option c is incorrect because memory decay involves gradual forgetting over time rather than active interference from newly learned information specifically.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval blocks are temporary access failures rather than systematic interference from new learning affecting old memories.

Correct Answer: Pons

The pons bridges medulla and midbrain while connecting upper brain parts to the cerebellum for coordinated neural functioning.
Option a is incorrect because the thalamus relays sensory information rather than bridging brainstem structures and connecting to coordination centers specifically.
Option c is incorrect because corpus callosum connects cerebral hemispheres rather than bridging brainstem components and linking to cerebellum structures.
Option d is incorrect because brain bridge is descriptive rather than the anatomical term pons that identifies this specific bridging structure.

Correct Answer: Amnesia

Amnesia involves complete memory loss over entire time spans, distinguished from normal selective forgetting of specific information only.
Option a is incorrect because dissociative disorder involves identity disruption rather than specifically the complete time-period memory loss described here.
Option c is incorrect because memory syndrome is nonspecific rather than identifying amnesia as the complete time-span memory loss disorder.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive decline suggests gradual deterioration rather than the complete loss over entire periods characterizing amnesia.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum's surface area nearly matches the cerebral cortex, enabling complex functions including attention and time estimation abilities.
Option a is incorrect because the hippocampus is much smaller and primarily handles memory formation rather than having cortex-matching surface area.
Option c is incorrect because the thalamus is a relay station without the extensive surface area matching cerebral cortex dimensions described.
Option d is incorrect because the brainstem includes multiple structures but lacks the singular large surface area equaling cortical dimensions.

Correct Answer: Group roles

Group roles are position-specific behavioral expectations differing from general norms that apply equally to all group members universally.
Option a is incorrect because status rules isn't standard terminology for position-specific expectations distinct from general group norms affecting everyone.
Option c is incorrect because position norms combines concepts incorrectly; roles are position-specific while norms apply to all members generally.
Option d is incorrect because member duties is too general rather than specifically identifying position-based expectations distinct from universal norms.

Correct Answer: Scientific data

Data encompasses both qualitative descriptions and quantitative measurements researchers collect systematically for testing hypotheses and proposed explanations.
Option a is incorrect because research findings are conclusions from data analysis rather than the raw measurements and descriptions themselves collected.
Option c is incorrect because study results represent analyzed outcomes rather than the collected measurements and descriptions that constitute raw data.
Option d is incorrect because empirical evidence implies support for conclusions rather than neutral measurements and descriptions before analysis occurs.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love involves altruistic caring through time, attention, and resources given without expectation of equal return received.
Option a is incorrect because unconditional love emphasizes acceptance regardless of behavior rather than the specific altruistic resource-giving described here.
Option c is incorrect because selfless love is descriptive rather than the technical term companionate love used in psychological relationship research.
Option d is incorrect because platonic love typically means non-sexual friendship rather than the altruistic caring defining companionate love specifically.

Correct Answer: Review boards

Institutional review boards evaluate research risks versus benefits to determine if studies can be conducted ethically with participants.
Option a is incorrect because ethics panels is informal rather than the formal institutional review board terminology used in research settings.
Option c is incorrect because safety committees suggest physical safety focus rather than comprehensive ethical review of risks and benefits together.
Option d is incorrect because research councils implies advisory roles rather than the decision-making authority review boards have over studies.

Correct Answer: Reticular formation

The reticular formation contains the activating system maintaining alertness through hypothalamic input and ascending sensory pathway connections throughout.
Option a is incorrect because medulla oblongata controls vital functions rather than containing the alertness-maintaining activating system described here specifically.
Option c is incorrect because limbic system processes emotions and memory rather than containing the brainstem alertness and activation systems.
Option d is incorrect because thalamic complex relays sensory information rather than containing the reticular activating system maintaining wakefulness states.

Correct Answer: Proximity effect

Proximity effect describes how physical closeness to authority dramatically influences obedience rates compared to remote command delivery methods.
Option a is incorrect because authority gradient suggests levels of authority rather than the physical distance effect on obedience rates specifically.
Option c is incorrect because distance factor is descriptive rather than the established proximity effect principle demonstrated in obedience research studies.
Option d is incorrect because presence influence is less specific than proximity effect, which directly addresses physical closeness affecting obedience levels.

Correct Answer: Hormones

Hormones are endocrine-secreted chemicals affecting organs, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors through bloodstream distribution throughout the body systemically.
Option a is incorrect because neurotransmitters work at synapses between neurons rather than being secreted by glands for systemic effects.
Option c is incorrect because enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions rather than serving as endocrine messengers affecting thoughts and behaviors broadly.
Option d is incorrect because proteins are structural molecules rather than specifically the endocrine chemicals affecting psychological and physiological states.

Correct Answer: Commitment

Commitment represents conscious relationship maintenance decisions, forming one triangular model dimension alongside passion and intimacy in relationships.
Option a is incorrect because dedication is similar but not the specific technical term used in the triangular model of love.
Option c is incorrect because loyalty implies faithfulness rather than the conscious decision-making aspect that defines commitment dimension specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because persistence suggests continuing despite obstacles rather than the deliberate relationship maintenance decisions defining commitment technically.

Correct Answer: Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when old memories disrupt new learning, like previous addresses interfering with memorizing current address information.
Option a is incorrect because retroactive blocking would involve new information affecting old memories rather than old disrupting new learning described.
Option c is incorrect because memory confusion is general rather than the specific proactive interference from old memories disrupting new formation.
Option d is incorrect because learning inhibition doesn't specify the direction of interference from old to new that defines proactive interference.

Correct Answer: Group norms

Group norms apply to most members generally, defining appropriate behaviors through sanctions, unlike roles for specific positions only.
Option a is incorrect because general rules lacks the specificity of norms, which involve group enforcement through sanctions for behavioral guidance.
Option c is incorrect because social codes suggests formal written rules rather than the often unwritten norms enforced through group dynamics.
Option d is incorrect because common standards doesn't capture the enforcement mechanism through sanctions that characterizes group norms specifically described here.

Correct Answer: Deception ethics

Deception ethics involves concerns about misleading participants during research, even when explained through debriefing sessions conducted afterward systematically.
Option a is incorrect because honesty principle is general rather than specifically addressing the research deception and debriefing practices described here.
Option c is incorrect because truth standard isn't the established term for ethical concerns about deceiving participants in research contexts specifically.
Option d is incorrect because integrity violation suggests misconduct rather than the sometimes-acceptable deception with debriefing in research methodology.

Correct Answer: Master gland

The pituitary is called the master gland because its messenger hormones control other endocrine glands while following hypothalamic instructions.
Option b is incorrect because control gland is descriptive but not the common term master gland used for the pituitary specifically.
Option c is incorrect because primary gland doesn't capture the controlling relationship the pituitary has over other endocrine glands systematically.
Option d is incorrect because central gland suggests location rather than the master control function the pituitary serves hormonally throughout.