C180 Introduction to Psychology - Set 5 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Encoding failure

Encoding failure prevents information from entering long-term memory when initial processing is insufficient for proper storage formation described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because storage failure suggests maintaining memories rather than the initial encoding problem preventing storage described specifically here comprehensively throughout systematically.
Option c is incorrect because transfer failure implies movement between stores rather than inadequate initial processing preventing long-term storage described systematically here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because processing failure is general rather than specifically the encoding failure preventing long-term memory formation described comprehensively here systematically.

Correct Answer: Attachment theory

Attachment theory explains how childhood caregiver interactions create internal working models influencing adult relationship patterns and behaviors described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because bonding theory emphasizes connection formation rather than the systematic childhood-to-adult relationship patterns described specifically here comprehensively throughout systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because relational theory is generic rather than the specific attachment framework linking childhood to adult relationships described systematically here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because development theory is broader than the specific attachment patterns from caregiving affecting adult relationships described comprehensively here systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Group sanctions

Group sanctions are penalties enforcing behavioral norms through negative consequences for violations, maintaining social order within groups described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because social controls is broader than the specific sanctions or penalties used to enforce group norms described specifically here systematically.
Option c is incorrect because behavioral penalties is descriptive rather than the technical term sanctions for group-enforced consequences described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option d is incorrect because norm enforcement describes the process rather than the sanctions themselves serving as enforcement mechanisms described systematically here specifically.

Correct Answer: Pituitary

The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands through messenger hormones while following instructions from the hypothalamus above it systematically described.
Option a is incorrect because the pineal gland produces melatonin for sleep rather than controlling other glands throughout the body described specifically here.
Option c is incorrect because the thyroid regulates metabolism rather than controlling other glands through messenger hormones described comprehensively here systematically throughout specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because adrenal glands produce stress hormones rather than the messenger hormones controlling other glands described systematically here comprehensively throughout.

Correct Answer: Context dependency

Context-dependent retrieval shows memory improves when physical environments match between encoding and recall situations described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically.
Option a is incorrect because environmental matching describes the condition rather than the retrieval principle where context similarity enhances memory described specifically here systematically.
Option c is incorrect because location effect is imprecise rather than the established context-dependent retrieval principle from memory research described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because spatial enhancement isn't standard terminology; context-dependent retrieval correctly describes this environmental memory effect described systematically here comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Informational influence

Informational influence causes conformity when people believe others have accurate knowledge about ambiguous situations, distinct from acceptance-seeking conformity described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because social influence is too broad rather than specifically conformity based on perceived information accuracy described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because peer influence doesn't specify the information-based reason for conformity that characterizes informational influence described systematically here specifically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because knowledge influence isn't standard terminology; informational influence correctly describes belief-based conformity about uncertain situations described comprehensively here systematically.

Correct Answer: Passionate love

Passionate love involves intense sudden feelings including sexual attraction, mutual desire, and fear of relationship loss described comprehensively here systematically.
Option a is incorrect because romantic love typically combines passion with intimacy rather than the purely passionate characteristics described specifically here comprehensively throughout systematically.
Option c is incorrect because erotic love emphasizes sexuality rather than the complete emotional intensity including relationship fears described systematically here specifically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because infatuated love suggests one-sided obsession rather than the mutual desire characterizing passionate love described comprehensively here systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Sampling bias

Sampling bias results from non-random selection causing traits to be overrepresented compared to actual population distributions described systematically here comprehensively throughout.
Option a is incorrect because selection error is general rather than the specific sampling bias from non-random participant selection described specifically here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because research flaw is vague rather than identifying sampling bias as the specific methodological problem described comprehensively here specifically systematically.
Option d is incorrect because method bias is broader than the specific sampling bias from non-random selection procedures described systematically here comprehensively throughout.

Correct Answer: Spinal cord

The spinal cord within vertebrae contains ascending sensory and descending motor pathways enabling bidirectional brain-body communication described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because nerve trunk isn't anatomical terminology for the spinal cord structure within the vertebral column described specifically here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because neural canal refers to the space rather than the spinal cord structure itself described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option d is incorrect because central pathway describes function rather than the anatomical spinal cord structure enabling communication described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically.

Correct Answer: Commitment

Commitment involves conscious maintenance decisions despite challenges, forming one triangular love dimension alongside passion and intimacy described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because dedication is similar but not the technical term commitment used in triangular love theory described specifically here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because loyalty implies faithfulness rather than the conscious decision-making defining the commitment dimension described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option d is incorrect because devotion suggests emotional attachment rather than deliberate maintenance decisions characterizing commitment described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here.

Correct Answer: Companionate love

Companionate love involves altruistic dedication of time, attention, and resources without expecting equal return, typical of parental relationships described.
Option a is incorrect because parental love is contextual rather than the technical term companionate love used in psychological research described specifically here.
Option c is incorrect because selfless love is descriptive rather than the technical companionate love characterized by altruistic resource giving described systematically here comprehensively.
Option d is incorrect because unconditional love emphasizes acceptance rather than the resource dedication aspect defining companionate love described specifically here systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Debriefing

Debriefing involves explaining research purposes and allowing questions after participation, including clarification of any deception employed during studies systematically described.
Option a is incorrect because disclosure is partial rather than the complete debriefing process including questions and deception clarification described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because clarification addresses confusion rather than the systematic post-study explanation and question process described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because explanation is one component rather than the full debriefing protocol with participant questions described specifically here systematically throughout comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Ovaries

Ovaries are female gonads producing estrogen and progesterone essential for reproduction, sexual development, and behavior regulation described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because sex glands is informal rather than the anatomical term ovaries for female reproductive hormone-producing structures described specifically here systematically.
Option c is incorrect because female organs includes many structures beyond the specific hormone-producing ovaries described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically throughout here.
Option d is incorrect because reproductive glands is generic rather than the specific ovaries producing female sex hormones described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically.

Correct Answer: Cerebellum

The cerebellum's surface area nearly matches cortical dimensions, enabling complex functions including coordination, timing, and attention regulation described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because the thalamus relays information rather than having the extensive surface area matching cortical dimensions described specifically here comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because the hippocampus handles memory rather than having surface area comparable to the entire cortex described systematically here specifically.
Option d is incorrect because the amygdala processes emotions and is much smaller than the described surface area comprehensively here systematically throughout specifically.

Correct Answer: Proactive interference

Proactive interference occurs when old memories block new learning, like previous passwords preventing effective current password memorization described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because reverse interference isn't standard terminology; proactive specifically describes old information blocking new learning described comprehensively here specifically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because memory blocking is vague rather than the specific proactive pattern where old memories prevent new formation described systematically.
Option d is incorrect because prior interference is descriptive rather than the technical term proactive interference from memory research described specifically here comprehensively.

Correct Answer: Brainstem

The brainstem contains the reticular formation with systems maintaining alertness through hypothalamic connections and sensory processing pathways described systematically here comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because the cerebrum handles higher functions rather than containing the reticular formation's alertness systems described specifically here systematically throughout comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because the cortex processes complex information rather than containing the reticular activating system described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically here.
Option d is incorrect because the diencephalon includes thalamus and hypothalamus rather than the reticular formation described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here systematically.

Correct Answer: Fight response

Fight-or-flight response involves sympathetic activation preparing bodies for confrontation or escape through enhanced oxygen, vision, and readiness described systematically.
Option a is incorrect because stress response is broader than the specific fight-or-flight preparation through sympathetic activation described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically here.
Option c is incorrect because alert response suggests awareness rather than the complete physical preparation for action described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here.
Option d is incorrect because action response is generic rather than the specific fight-or-flight mechanism preparing bodies described comprehensively here systematically throughout specifically here systematically.

Correct Answer: APA

The American Psychological Association establishes ethical standards and represents psychology professionals nationally throughout the United States described systematically here comprehensively throughout.
Option a is incorrect because psychology board suggests regulatory authority rather than the professional association setting voluntary standards described specifically here systematically throughout comprehensively here.
Option c is incorrect because ethics association focuses narrowly rather than the broader representation and standard-setting APA provides described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically.
Option d is incorrect because national guild is archaic rather than the modern American Psychological Association described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here systematically throughout.

Correct Answer: Operational definitions

Operational definitions specify precisely how abstract concepts become manipulated and measured variables before research data collection begins described systematically here.
Option a is incorrect because measurement definitions addresses only measurement rather than both manipulation and measurement specifications required comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically here throughout.
Option c is incorrect because research specifications is broader than the specific operational definitions of concepts described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here systematically throughout.
Option d is incorrect because variable descriptions is general rather than the technical operational definitions specifying manipulation and measurement described comprehensively here specifically systematically.

Correct Answer: Observational learning

Observational learning involves watching others understand appropriate behaviors before adjusting personal actions to match group expectations described systematically here comprehensively throughout.
Option a is incorrect because social learning is broader than the specific observational process of watching before adjusting behaviors described specifically here systematically throughout.
Option c is incorrect because group modeling emphasizes demonstration rather than the learning through observation before adjustment described comprehensively here specifically throughout systematically here.
Option d is incorrect because behavioral adaptation describes the outcome rather than the observational learning process understanding expectations described systematically here comprehensively throughout specifically here.