D236 Pathophysiology - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Liver organ

The liver produces C-reactive protein and other acute phase reactants in response to inflammatory cytokine signals systemically.
Option a is incorrect because kidneys filter blood and produce hormones but don't synthesize acute phase proteins like CRP.
Option c is incorrect because the spleen filters blood and coordinates immune responses but doesn't produce CRP markers.
Option d is incorrect because the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones, not acute phase inflammatory proteins described.

Correct Answer: Regional hypermethylation

Cancer cells show hypermethylation at specific gene promoters, silencing tumor suppressors while having global hypomethylation causing instability.
Option a is incorrect because cancer shows global hypomethylation with regional hypermethylation, not widespread increased methylation throughout.
Option c is incorrect because complete demethylation would be lethal; cancer shows specific methylation pattern changes instead.
Option d is incorrect because methylation patterns are significantly altered in cancer, contributing to abnormal gene expression.

Correct Answer: X-linked recessive

X-linked recessive inheritance affects males who inherit the mutation from carrier mothers, creating this characteristic pedigree pattern.
Option a is incorrect because autosomal dominant would affect both sexes equally in each generation, not just males.
Option b is incorrect because Y-linked inheritance is extremely rare and only passes from fathers to sons directly.
Option d is incorrect because mitochondrial inheritance affects all maternal offspring regardless of sex, not predominantly males.

Correct Answer: Membrane attack complex

The membrane attack complex forms pores in pathogen membranes, causing cell lysis through complement cascade terminal pathway activation.
Option a is incorrect because antibodies mark pathogens for destruction but don't directly puncture membranes like MAC does.
Option c is incorrect because cytokine storms involve excessive inflammatory signaling, not direct membrane pore formation described.
Option d is incorrect because phagocytic vesicles engulf pathogens internally, not puncturing membranes from outside directly.

Correct Answer: Caseous necrosis

Caseous necrosis produces cheese-like tissue appearance characteristic of tuberculosis and other granulomatous infections in affected organs.
Option a is incorrect because coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture initially, seen in heart attacks, not tuberculosis.
Option b is incorrect because liquefactive necrosis creates liquid-filled spaces typically in brain infarcts or abscesses.
Option d is incorrect because fat necrosis affects adipose tissue from trauma or pancreatitis, not tuberculosis infections.

Correct Answer: Balanced polymorphism

Balanced polymorphism maintains disease alleles in populations when heterozygotes have survival advantages like malaria resistance described.
Option a is incorrect because genetic linkage involves genes inherited together on same chromosome, not heterozygote advantage.
Option c is incorrect because dominance describes allele interactions in individuals, not population-level selection balance.
Option d is incorrect because epistasis involves gene interactions affecting phenotypes, not the balanced selection described.

Correct Answer: Telomerase reactivation

Cancer cells reactivate telomerase enzyme to maintain telomeres, bypassing senescence and achieving immortalization for unlimited division.
Option b is incorrect because DNA synthesis continues normally; the issue is bypassing division limits, not synthesis itself.
Option c is incorrect because protein folding problems cause different diseases but don't confer cellular immortalization described.
Option d is incorrect because lipid metabolism changes occur in cancer but don't enable unlimited replicative potential.

Correct Answer: Chondroblasts

Chondroblasts produce cartilage matrix forming the template for endochondral ossification during bone development and growth.
Option a is incorrect because osteoblasts deposit bone matrix but don't create the initial cartilage template described.
Option c is incorrect because fibroblasts produce connective tissue and collagen but not the cartilage bone template.
Option d is incorrect because myoblasts form muscle tissue, not the cartilage templates for bone development processes.

Correct Answer: Microangiopathy development

Diabetic microangiopathy damages small blood vessels supplying nerves, causing ischemia and resulting neuropathy symptoms in extremities.
Option b is incorrect because aneurysms are arterial dilations that don't typically cause the peripheral neuropathy described.
Option c is incorrect because arterial dissection causes acute pain and ischemia, not the chronic neuropathy pattern.
Option d is incorrect because venous thrombosis causes swelling and pain, not the sensory neuropathy symptoms described.

Correct Answer: IgG antibody

IgG antibodies cross the placenta providing maternal antibodies that protect newborns until their immune system develops.
Option a is incorrect because IgA provides mucosal immunity through breast milk but doesn't cross the placental barrier.
Option c is incorrect because IgM is too large to cross the placenta, remaining in maternal circulation only.
Option d is incorrect because IgE mediates allergic responses and doesn't cross placenta for newborn immunity protection.

Correct Answer: Inflammation induction

Apoptosis is controlled cell death without inflammation while necrosis causes inflammatory response damaging surrounding tissues significantly.
Option a is incorrect because while apoptosis requires energy, the key distinction is inflammatory response presence or absence.
Option c is incorrect because both can occur at various speeds; the inflammatory response distinguishes them functionally.
Option d is incorrect because neither process is reversible once initiated; inflammation is the key distinguishing feature.

Correct Answer: Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting silences specific genes based on parent of origin, causing parent-specific expression patterns in offspring.
Option b is incorrect because X-inactivation randomly silences one X chromosome in females, not parent-specific gene expression.
Option c is incorrect because gene silencing is general term; imprinting specifically involves parent-of-origin effects described.
Option d is incorrect because deletions remove genes entirely rather than showing parent-specific expression patterns described here.

Correct Answer: Growth hormone deficiency

Growth hormone deficiency causes proportionate short stature by reducing bone growth at epiphyseal plates during childhood development.
Option a is incorrect because insulin deficiency causes diabetes with metabolic problems, not primarily affecting height proportionately.
Option c is incorrect because cortisol deficiency causes adrenal insufficiency with different symptoms than isolated growth problems.
Option d is incorrect because thyroid deficiency causes developmental delays and disproportionate features, not just height reduction.

Correct Answer: Degranulation occurs

Cross-linking IgE triggers rapid mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine and inflammatory mediators causing allergic symptoms immediately.
Option a is incorrect because mast cells don't divide in response to allergen exposure; they release stored mediators.
Option c is incorrect because mast cells aren't primarily phagocytic; they release inflammatory mediators through degranulation instead.
Option d is incorrect because allergen exposure triggers mediator release, not programmed cell death in mast cells.

Correct Answer: Horizontal transfer

Horizontal gene transfer through plasmids, transformation, or transduction spreads resistance genes between bacteria rapidly without reproduction.
Option a is incorrect because vertical transmission passes genes to offspring only, not spreading resistance between different bacteria.
Option c is incorrect because bacteria reproduce asexually; they share genes through horizontal transfer mechanisms instead.
Option d is incorrect because binary fission is bacterial cell division that copies existing genes, not acquiring new ones.

Correct Answer: Decreased oncotic pressure

Liver failure reduces albumin production, decreasing plasma oncotic pressure allowing fluid shift into peritoneal cavity forming ascites.
Option b is incorrect because osmotic pressure relates to solute concentration, not the protein-related pressure causing ascites.
Option c is incorrect because portal hypertension actually increases hydrostatic pressure, contributing to ascites with oncotic changes.
Option d is incorrect because atmospheric pressure doesn't affect internal fluid distribution causing ascites in liver disease.

Correct Answer: Interleukin-1

Interleukin-1 acts as endogenous pyrogen, resetting hypothalamic temperature set point upward causing fever during infections.
Option b is incorrect because insulin-like growth factor promotes growth and development, not fever generation during infections.
Option c is incorrect because erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production, not temperature regulation or fever response.
Option d is incorrect because thrombopoietin regulates platelet production, not the inflammatory fever response to infection.

Correct Answer: Hypertrophy response

Cardiac myocytes undergo hypertrophy, increasing cell size to generate more force against elevated blood pressure resistance.
Option a is incorrect because atrophy involves tissue shrinkage from disuse, opposite of the thickening described here.
Option c is incorrect because cardiac myocytes can't divide significantly; they enlarge rather than increase in number.
Option d is incorrect because metaplasia involves cell type change, not the size increase seen in cardiac hypertrophy.

Correct Answer: Swallowing difficulty

Fetal swallowing problems from gastrointestinal or neurological abnormalities prevent normal amniotic fluid removal causing polyhydramnios accumulation.
Option a is incorrect because kidney agenesis causes oligohydramnios from absent fetal urine production, not excess fluid.
Option c is incorrect because growth restriction typically associates with oligohydramnios, not the excess fluid described here.
Option d is incorrect because lung hypoplasia results from oligohydramnios compression, not associated with fluid excess.

Correct Answer: Tau protein

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein forms intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, a hallmark pathological finding in Alzheimer disease brain tissue.
Option a is incorrect because amyloid forms extracellular plaques in Alzheimer's, not the intracellular tangles described here.
Option c is incorrect because prion proteins cause spongiform encephalopathies like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, not Alzheimer pathology.
Option d is incorrect because alpha-synuclein accumulates in Parkinson disease forming Lewy bodies, not Alzheimer tangles.