D236 Pathophysiology - Set 2 - Part 3

Correct Answer: Affected female frequency

X-linked dominant conditions affect females frequently since one mutated X chromosome causes disease, unlike recessive patterns.
Option a is incorrect because X-linked dominant affects both sexes, though often more severely in males than females.
Option b is incorrect because carrier states apply to recessive conditions; dominant conditions cause symptoms with one allele.
Option d is incorrect because X-linked conditions show maternal transmission patterns regardless of dominant or recessive nature.

Correct Answer: Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry occurs when antibodies against streptococcal proteins cross-react with joint tissues causing inflammatory arthritis.
Option a is incorrect because Type I hypersensitivity involves immediate allergic reactions, not post-infectious joint inflammation.
Option c is incorrect because immunodeficiency reduces immune responses rather than causing the autoimmune arthritis described.
Option d is incorrect because reactive arthritis occurs after infection clears, not from ongoing chronic infection presence.

Correct Answer: S phase

S phase or synthesis phase involves DNA replication, doubling genetic material before cell division occurs.
Option a is incorrect because G1 phase involves cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis, not replication itself.
Option c is incorrect because G2 phase involves preparation for mitosis after DNA has already been replicated.
Option d is incorrect because M phase is when actual cell division occurs, after DNA replication is complete.

Correct Answer: Metaplasia

Metaplasia replaces normal ciliated epithelium with squamous cells in smokers, an adaptive but potentially precancerous change.
Option a is incorrect because hypertrophy involves cell enlargement, not replacement with different cell types as described.
Option b is incorrect because hyperplasia increases cell numbers but maintains same cell type, unlike the replacement described.
Option d is incorrect because dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth but metaplasia specifically describes cell type replacement.

Correct Answer: Pelvic adhesions

Endometriosis causes inflammation and adhesions between pelvic organs, creating pain during intercourse from tissue pulling and stretching.
Option a is incorrect because vaginal dryness causes different discomfort than the deep pelvic pain from endometriosis adhesions.
Option c is incorrect because while muscle tension occurs, adhesions from endometrial implants are the primary pain cause.
Option d is incorrect because nerve involvement is secondary to inflammation and adhesions, not primary dyspareunia cause.

Correct Answer: Beta cells

Beta cells in pancreatic islets sense glucose levels and secrete insulin or reduce secretion maintaining glucose homeostasis.
Option a is incorrect because acinar cells produce digestive enzymes for the intestine, not glucose-regulating hormones described.
Option c is incorrect because ductal cells secrete bicarbonate for enzyme activation, not glucose-sensing hormone production described.
Option d is incorrect because stellate cells store vitamin A and produce fibrosis, not glucose regulation functions.

Correct Answer: Risk assessment

Genetic polymorphisms help identify individuals and populations at higher risk for specific diseases, enabling targeted prevention.
Option a is incorrect because polymorphism studies focus on biological risk factors, not economic treatment cost considerations.
Option b is incorrect because while useful for prevention strategies, the primary advantage is identifying risk levels.
Option d is incorrect because polymorphisms identify susceptibility but don't directly lead to cure development for diseases.

Correct Answer: IgE antibodies

IgE antibodies bound to mast cells trigger degranulation upon allergen exposure, releasing histamine causing allergic symptoms.
Option a is incorrect because IgA provides mucosal immunity in secretions, not triggering mast cell allergic responses.
Option c is incorrect because IgG provides long-term immunity and memory but doesn't trigger immediate allergic reactions.
Option d is incorrect because IgM appears first in infections but doesn't bind mast cells causing allergic responses.

Correct Answer: Miscarriage risk

Balanced translocations increase miscarriage risk from unbalanced gametes, though normal pregnancies remain possible with genetic counseling.
Option a is incorrect because balanced translocation carriers can be fertile, though with increased pregnancy loss risk.
Option c is incorrect because normal pregnancies are possible when balanced gametes are produced during meiosis events.
Option d is incorrect because balanced carriers are typically healthy; risk involves potential unbalanced offspring or miscarriages.

Correct Answer: Estrogen decline

Estrogen decline at menopause accelerates bone loss by increasing osteoclast activity, primary factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Option a is incorrect because while protein matters for bone health, estrogen loss is the primary postmenopausal factor.
Option c is incorrect because vitamin C helps collagen formation but estrogen decline drives postmenopausal bone loss.
Option d is incorrect because iron stores don't significantly influence osteoporosis development compared to estrogen's protective loss.