D425 Introduction to Chemistry - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Molecular handedness

Option b is correct because chirality or molecular handedness can produce different biological effects despite identical chemical formulas.
Option a is incorrect because container color doesn't affect the medicine's molecular structure or its therapeutic properties in patients.
Option c is incorrect because storage temperature might affect stability but wouldn't create different therapeutic effects if composition remains identical.
Option d is incorrect because label design is purely cosmetic and has no influence on the medicine's biological activity.

Correct Answer: Isotope ratios

Option b is correct because isotope ratios preserve information about temperature and processes during solar system formation billions ago.
Option a is incorrect because surface scratches result from recent impacts and handling, not original formation conditions or processes.
Option c is incorrect because current temperature reflects recent environment, not the conditions during meteorite formation originally present.
Option d is incorrect because impact damage occurs during Earth entry, not during the original solar system formation period.

Correct Answer: Polymer coating

Option b is correct because polymer coatings control nutrient release rate by regulating water penetration and dissolution speed.
Option a is incorrect because coloring is for identification purposes and doesn't control the nutrient release rate over time.
Option c is incorrect because metal additives might provide micronutrients but don't control the release rate of primary nutrients.
Option d is incorrect because crystal size affects initial dissolution but can't provide controlled release over extended periods.

Correct Answer: Vapor pressure

Option b is correct because vapor pressure determines evaporation rate, with high vapor pressure molecules detected first as top notes.
Option a is incorrect because color relates to light absorption, not volatility or the ability to reach scent receptors.
Option c is incorrect because fragrances are typically liquids in perfume; crystalline form doesn't apply to dissolved components.
Option d is incorrect because organic fragrance molecules don't contain metals; metallic content is irrelevant to scent properties.

Correct Answer: Chemical bonding

Option b is correct because chemical bonds between filling and tooth create permanent attachment stronger than physical adhesion.
Option a is incorrect because teeth and typical filling materials aren't magnetic; this force doesn't contribute to bonding.
Option c is incorrect because gravitational forces are far too weak at this scale to provide any meaningful adhesion.
Option d is incorrect because thermal expansion would actually weaken bonds by creating stress, not strengthen the attachment.

Correct Answer: Electronic excitation

Option b is correct because UV absorbers use electronic transitions to convert harmful radiation into harmless heat energy.
Option a is incorrect because chemical sunscreens work through absorption and energy conversion, not just physical reflection of light.
Option c is incorrect because freezing point is unrelated to UV protection; sunscreens work at body temperature conditions.
Option d is incorrect because density doesn't determine UV absorption; electronic structure and transitions are the key factors.

Correct Answer: Polymerization reactions

Option b is correct because tannins polymerize over time, reducing astringency while creating complex flavors and smoother texture.
Option a is incorrect because properly sealed wines don't lose significant water; chemical reactions, not concentration, improve quality.
Option c is incorrect because metals don't form during aging; organic reactions between existing compounds create complexity instead.
Option d is incorrect because gas production would spoil wine; proper aging involves oxidation-reduction reactions, not fermentation continuation.

Correct Answer: Superhydrophobicity

Option b is correct because extreme water repellency from microscopic surface structures causes water beads to remove dirt particles.
Option a is incorrect because magnetic forces don't repel water or dirt; the effect is based on surface chemistry properties.
Option c is incorrect because electrical charging would attract some particles; self-cleaning relies on water repellency, not electrostatics.
Option d is incorrect because color changes don't provide cleaning action; physical water repellency is the active mechanism involved.

Correct Answer: Boiling point differences

Option b is correct because different hydrocarbons vaporize at different temperatures, allowing separation in distillation towers during refining.
Option a is incorrect because petroleum fractions are generally colorless or similar in color; separation isn't based on appearance.
Option c is incorrect because hydrocarbons aren't magnetic; this property can't be used for petroleum separation or refining.
Option d is incorrect because petroleum components aren't radioactive; decay plays no role in refining or separation processes.

Correct Answer: Surface channel structure

Option b is correct because microscopic channels along fiber surfaces create capillary action that moves moisture outward effectively.
Option a is incorrect because thicker fibers would reduce surface area and slow moisture transport, not improve wicking properties.
Option c is incorrect because color doesn't affect moisture transport; wicking depends on fiber structure and surface chemistry properties.
Option d is incorrect because higher density would reduce porosity and air flow, actually hindering moisture management in fabric.

Correct Answer: Isotope decay

Option b is correct because radioactive isotope decay occurs at known rates, providing a chemical clock for dating.
Option a is incorrect because weight changes unpredictably with environmental conditions and doesn't indicate age reliably or accurately.
Option c is incorrect because color changes vary with storage conditions; they don't provide accurate dating information for artifacts.
Option d is incorrect because hardness depends on material type and preservation, not directly correlating with artifact age.

Correct Answer: Receptor activation

Option b is correct because sweeteners activate taste receptors like sugar but resist metabolic breakdown, providing no calories.
Option a is incorrect because sweeteners are organic compounds without metallic bonds; metals would taste metallic, not sweet.
Option c is incorrect because dissolved sweeteners lose crystal structure; sweetness comes from molecular interaction with receptors, not shape.
Option d is incorrect because magnetic fields don't create sweet taste; chemical interaction with tongue receptors determines taste perception.

Correct Answer: Crystal growth

Option b is correct because cement hydration produces interlocking crystals that bind aggregate particles creating solid concrete structure.
Option a is incorrect because concrete hardening involves chemical reactions forming new compounds, not just water evaporation or drying.
Option c is incorrect because cement hydration occurs at room temperature without melting; it's a chemical, not thermal process.
Option d is incorrect because electrical discharge isn't involved in concrete formation; chemical hydration reactions provide the hardening mechanism.

Correct Answer: Sulfonate groups

Option b is correct because sulfonate groups remain soluble with calcium and magnesium ions, unlike soap's carboxylate groups.
Option a is incorrect because color is aesthetic and doesn't affect cleaning ability or interaction with hard water minerals.
Option c is incorrect because price reflects manufacturing and marketing, not chemical effectiveness in different water conditions present.
Option d is incorrect because package size doesn't change the chemical properties or cleaning effectiveness of the product inside.

Correct Answer: Controlled thermal stress

Option b is correct because rapid cooling creates surface compression and internal tension, controlling fracture pattern when broken.
Option a is incorrect because paint is a surface coating that doesn't change the glass structure or fracture properties.
Option c is incorrect because adding metals creates colored glass but doesn't provide the stress pattern for safe breaking.
Option d is incorrect because thinner glass is more fragile; tempering involves stress patterns, not thickness reduction for safety.

Correct Answer: Reversible reaction

Option b is correct because amines form reversible bonds with carbon dioxide, allowing capture and later controlled release.
Option a is incorrect because density doesn't determine gas absorption capacity; chemical reactivity with carbon dioxide is key factor.
Option c is incorrect because color is irrelevant to carbon capture; chemical interaction, not appearance, determines effectiveness here.
Option d is incorrect because amines are organic compounds, not metallic; metal-organic frameworks work differently for gas capture.

Correct Answer: Ordered layers

Option b is correct because molecules align in organized layers on metal surfaces, creating slippery protective films effectively.
Option a is incorrect because effective lubrication requires organized molecular arrangement, not random distribution on surfaces being protected.
Option c is incorrect because spherical clusters wouldn't provide continuous film; layered structures are needed for protection and lubrication.
Option d is incorrect because gaseous lubricants can't maintain surface films; liquid or semi-solid states are required practically.

Correct Answer: Non-flammable nature

Option b is correct because solid electrolytes eliminate flammable organic solvents, reducing fire risk in damaged batteries significantly.
Option a is incorrect because higher cost is a disadvantage; safety comes from eliminating flammable liquids, not price.
Option c is incorrect because color doesn't affect safety; the absence of flammable components is the safety advantage.
Option d is incorrect because weight is a disadvantage; safety improvement comes from non-flammable solid-state chemistry instead.

Correct Answer: Electrolyte formation

Option b is correct because salt water acts as electrolyte, facilitating electron transfer in the electrochemical corrosion process.
Option a is incorrect because salt's chemical role as electrolyte, not physical abrasion, accelerates the corrosion reaction rate.
Option c is incorrect because color change is a result of rust formation, not the cause of accelerated corrosion.
Option d is incorrect because salt doesn't significantly raise temperature; its role is electrochemical, not thermal in nature.

Correct Answer: Biocompatibility

Option b is correct because surgical adhesives must be non-toxic and compatible with living tissue to avoid rejection.
Option a is incorrect because many surgical adhesives are designed to degrade over time as tissue heals naturally together.
Option c is incorrect because color is cosmetic; biocompatibility and performance in biological environments are the critical requirements.
Option d is incorrect because metals might cause allergic reactions; surgical adhesives typically avoid metallic components for safety.