D440 Health and Wellness Through Nutritional Science - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Gain twenty-five pounds

Option c is correct because normal-weight pregnant women should gain twenty-five to thirty-five pounds for optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes.
Option a is incorrect because minimal weight gain during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight and developmental issues for the baby.
Option b is incorrect because gaining fifty pounds exceeds recommended guidelines and increases risks for gestational diabetes and delivery complications.
Option d is incorrect because doubling body weight would be extremely excessive and dangerous for both mother and baby.

Correct Answer: Thickened liquids only

Option b is correct because thickened liquids move more slowly through the throat, giving patients better control and reducing aspiration risk.
Option a is incorrect because regular solid foods pose a significant choking and aspiration hazard for patients with impaired swallowing ability.
Option c is incorrect because thin clear liquids are actually the most dangerous consistency for dysphagia patients and increase aspiration risk.
Option d is incorrect because ice chips alone cannot provide adequate nutrition and hydration for patient recovery and health maintenance.

Correct Answer: Wheat and barley

Option c is correct because wheat and barley contain gluten proteins that trigger autoimmune responses damaging the intestinal villi.
Option a is incorrect because rice and corn are naturally gluten-free grains that are safe for celiac patients to consume.
Option b is incorrect because quinoa and millet are gluten-free alternatives that provide important nutrients for those avoiding gluten-containing grains.
Option d is incorrect because despite their names, buckwheat and amaranth are gluten-free pseudocereals safe for celiac disease management.

Correct Answer: Six months old

Option c is correct because at six months, infants have developed sufficient oral motor skills and digestive capacity for solids.
Option a is incorrect because two-month-old infants lack the developmental readiness for solid foods and have immature digestive systems.
Option b is incorrect because four months is too early according to current pediatric guidelines, risking allergies and feeding difficulties.
Option d is incorrect because waiting until twelve months would result in nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron and zinc deficiencies.

Correct Answer: Serum albumin level

Option b is correct because albumin levels reflect protein status over several weeks, indicating chronic nutritional deficiencies effectively.
Option a is incorrect because current body weight can fluctuate due to fluid retention and doesn't specifically indicate protein status.
Option c is incorrect because dietary recall may be unreliable in elderly patients with memory issues and doesn't reflect absorption.
Option d is incorrect because skin turgor primarily assesses hydration status rather than protein-energy malnutrition in elderly patients specifically.

Correct Answer: Small frequent meals

Option c is correct because small frequent meals reduce nausea while ensuring adequate caloric intake throughout the treatment day.
Option a is incorrect because large meals can worsen nausea and are often overwhelming for chemotherapy patients experiencing appetite loss.
Option b is incorrect because spicy foods typically irritate the digestive system and can exacerbate nausea during chemotherapy treatment.
Option d is incorrect because high fiber foods can be difficult to digest and may worsen gastrointestinal symptoms during treatment.

Correct Answer: Sodium restriction essential

Option c is correct because sodium restriction helps prevent fluid retention, reducing blood volume and decreasing cardiac workload.
Option a is incorrect because calcium restriction is not indicated for heart failure and may actually worsen cardiovascular health.
Option b is incorrect because iron limitation could lead to anemia, which would further compromise oxygen delivery in heart failure.
Option d is incorrect because zinc reduction has no direct benefit for heart failure management and could impair immune function.

Correct Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Option c is correct because vitamin B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products, making deficiency common in vegans.
Option a is incorrect because vitamin C is abundant in fruits and vegetables that form the foundation of vegan diets.
Option b is incorrect because vitamin K is plentiful in leafy green vegetables commonly consumed in plant-based diets regularly.
Option d is incorrect because vitamin E is found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils frequently included in vegan diets.

Correct Answer: Limit potassium foods

Option b is correct because potassium accumulation between dialysis sessions can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias requiring dietary restriction.
Option a is incorrect because increasing sodium would worsen fluid retention and hypertension in kidney disease patients significantly.
Option c is incorrect because phosphorus should be restricted, not increased, to prevent bone disease and vascular calcification.
Option d is incorrect because while protein needs increase slightly with dialysis, doubling intake would create excessive waste products.

Correct Answer: Add 500 calories

Option c is correct because lactating women need approximately 500 additional calories daily to support adequate milk production.
Option a is incorrect because producing breast milk requires significant energy expenditure that must be replaced through dietary intake.
Option b is incorrect because 200 calories is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of lactation and maternal recovery needs.
Option d is incorrect because 800 calories exceeds requirements and could lead to excessive weight retention after pregnancy.

Correct Answer: Clear to full

Option c is correct because progressing from clear to full liquids allows gradual healing while meeting nutritional needs safely.
Option a is incorrect because starting with regular foods would cause pain and potentially damage the surgical site during healing.
Option b is incorrect because moving backwards from solid to liquid doesn't follow logical post-surgical dietary advancement protocols appropriately.
Option d is incorrect because mechanical soft foods are too advanced immediately after oral surgery when tissues are healing.

Correct Answer: Balanced all macros

Option b is correct because adolescent athletes need balanced carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy, growth, and recovery.
Option a is incorrect because excessive fat intake would slow digestion and impair athletic performance during training and competition.
Option c is incorrect because protein alone cannot meet energy demands and excessive amounts may stress developing kidneys unnecessarily.
Option d is incorrect because carbohydrate restriction would compromise athletic performance and growth during this high-energy life stage.

Correct Answer: Eat consistent meals

Option b is correct because regular meal timing with consistent carbohydrate amounts helps maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Option a is incorrect because skipping snacks could lead to hypoglycemia, especially if taking diabetes medications between meals regularly.
Option c is incorrect because prolonged fasting increases the risk of hypoglycemic episodes and makes blood sugar control unpredictable.
Option d is incorrect because completely avoiding carbohydrates would cause hypoglycemia and is not sustainable for diabetes management.

Correct Answer: Calcium and vitamin D

Option b is correct because calcium provides bone matrix material while vitamin D enables proper calcium absorption and utilization.
Option a is incorrect because adequate protein is essential for bone health and reducing protein could worsen osteoporosis progression.
Option c is incorrect because sodium supplementation would increase calcium excretion through the kidneys, worsening bone loss significantly.
Option d is incorrect because phosphorus restriction is not indicated for osteoporosis and could disrupt normal bone metabolism.

Correct Answer: Avoid sugary foods

Option c is correct because simple sugars trigger rapid gastric emptying causing cramping, diarrhea, and vasomotor symptoms.
Option a is incorrect because increasing simple sugars would worsen dumping syndrome symptoms by accelerating gastric emptying significantly.
Option b is incorrect because drinking fluids with meals increases stomach volume and speeds gastric emptying in susceptible patients.
Option d is incorrect because large meals overwhelm the altered digestive system and trigger more severe dumping symptoms.

Correct Answer: Growth chart plotting

Option b is correct because growth charts track height, weight, and BMI percentiles over time revealing growth patterns.
Option a is incorrect because a single weight measurement doesn't indicate whether growth is appropriate for age and height.
Option c is incorrect because dietary recall doesn't account for absorption, metabolism, or individual growth variations in children.
Option d is incorrect because physical appearance alone is subjective and doesn't provide objective measurements of nutritional status.

Correct Answer: Increase caloric intake

Option b is correct because hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate requiring additional calories to prevent unintended weight loss.
Option a is incorrect because restricting calories would worsen weight loss and muscle wasting in hypermetabolic states significantly.
Option c is incorrect because protein is essential for maintaining muscle mass during the increased catabolism of hyperthyroidism.
Option d is incorrect because fats provide concentrated calories needed to meet elevated energy requirements during treatment.

Correct Answer: Iron supplementation important

Option b is correct because menstrual losses combined with lower bioavailability of plant iron increase deficiency risk significantly.
Option a is incorrect because sodium supplementation is rarely needed and could contribute to hypertension with excessive intake.
Option c is incorrect because chloride deficiency is extremely rare and doesn't require supplementation in normal dietary patterns.
Option d is incorrect because fluoride supplementation is not indicated for athletic performance or vegetarian dietary patterns specifically.

Correct Answer: Protein moderation

Option c is correct because excessive protein produces ammonia that the damaged liver cannot detoxify, causing encephalopathy.
Option a is incorrect because carbohydrates are the preferred energy source for cirrhotic patients and shouldn't be restricted.
Option b is incorrect because moderate fat intake is acceptable and provides needed calories for malnourished cirrhotic patients.
Option d is incorrect because vitamin restriction would worsen deficiencies common in liver disease, particularly fat-soluble vitamins.

Correct Answer: Enteral tube feeding

Option b is correct because enteral feeding maintains gut integrity while providing adequate nutrition when oral intake insufficient.
Option a is incorrect because parenteral nutrition should be reserved for non-functional GI tracts due to infection risks.
Option c is incorrect because clear liquids cannot provide sufficient calories and protein for burn healing and recovery.
Option d is incorrect because severe burn patients often cannot consume enough orally due to pain and hypermetabolic state.