D564 Theories of Personality - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Projection mechanism

Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others, defending against anxiety by externalizing internal conflicts.
Option a is incorrect because reaction formation involves adopting opposite behaviors to one's true feelings, not attributing them to others externally.
Option c is incorrect because sublimation redirects unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities, not criticizing or blaming other people.
Option d is incorrect because regression involves reverting to earlier developmental stages during stress, not projecting personal issues onto others.

Correct Answer: Sage archetype

The Sage archetype represents wisdom and guidance in the collective unconscious, commonly appearing as elderly mentors in dreams and myths.
Option a is incorrect because the Shadow represents repressed or hidden aspects of personality, not wisdom or guidance from elderly figures.
Option b is incorrect because Anima represents the feminine aspect in males' unconscious, not specifically wise elderly figures offering guidance.
Option c is incorrect because Persona is the social mask we present to others, not an internal wisdom figure appearing in dreams.

Correct Answer: Compensating for position

Adler believed youngest children often compensate for their position by becoming ambitious, striving to surpass older siblings' achievements.
Option a is incorrect because avoiding inferiority would involve withdrawal rather than ambitious competition to prove oneself against older siblings.
Option c is incorrect because seeking superiority is too general and doesn't specifically address birth order dynamics in personality development.
Option d is incorrect because maintaining social interest relates to healthy functioning overall, not specifically to birth order compensation patterns.

Correct Answer: Identity versus confusion

Identity versus confusion occurs during adolescence when teenagers explore personal values, beliefs, and career paths to establish identity.
Option a is incorrect because industry versus inferiority occurs in middle childhood, focusing on competence in academic and social skills.
Option b is incorrect because intimacy versus isolation occurs in young adulthood, centering on forming intimate relationships with others.
Option d is incorrect because autonomy versus shame occurs in early childhood, dealing with independence and self-control development issues.

Correct Answer: Moving away from

Moving away from people represents Horney's resignation solution, where individuals maintain emotional distance to cope with basic anxiety.
Option a is incorrect because moving toward people involves seeking approval and affection from others, not avoiding close relationships entirely.
Option b is incorrect because moving against people involves aggressive or competitive behaviors toward others, not emotional withdrawal and distance.
Option d is incorrect because moving through people is not one of Horney's three interpersonal orientations for managing basic anxiety.

Correct Answer: Central characteristic traits

Allport emphasized identifying central traits that form the core of personality and consistently influence behavior across various situations.
Option a is incorrect because Allport focused on conscious traits rather than unconscious motivations, unlike psychodynamic theorists' emphasis on hidden drives.
Option c is incorrect because Allport emphasized current personality traits rather than exploring childhood experiences as primary personality determinants.
Option d is incorrect because while acknowledging culture's role, Allport primarily focused on individual trait patterns rather than cultural influences.

Correct Answer: Underlying versus observable

Source traits are underlying core personality factors that cause observable surface traits, identified through factor analysis statistical methods.
Option a is incorrect because Cattell's distinction between source and surface traits doesn't concern consciousness levels but structural personality organization.
Option b is incorrect because the source versus surface distinction relates to trait depth, not whether traits are learned or innate.
Option d is incorrect because both source and surface traits can be relatively stable; the distinction concerns depth not changeability.

Correct Answer: Bidirectional influence occurs

Reciprocal determinism describes how behavior, personal factors, and environment continuously influence each other in shaping self-efficacy beliefs.
Option a is incorrect because reciprocal determinism emphasizes interactive influences rather than genetic determination of abilities and self-efficacy beliefs.
Option b is incorrect because it suggests one-way environmental influence, while reciprocal determinism involves mutual influences between multiple factors.
Option d is incorrect because reciprocal determinism implies continuous change through ongoing interactions, not fixed personality traits over time.

Correct Answer: Situational activation patterns

CAPS model explains how different situations activate different cognitive-affective units, producing varied behaviors despite stable personality systems.
Option a is incorrect because CAPS assumes stable cognitive-affective units; behavioral variation comes from different situational activations, not trait instability.
Option c is incorrect because defense mechanisms are psychodynamic concepts, not part of Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system framework.
Option d is incorrect because CAPS focuses on conscious cognitive processes and situational factors, not unconscious conflicts driving behavioral differences.

Correct Answer: Self-regulation capacity

The marshmallow test measures self-regulation and delay of gratification abilities, predicting later life success and adjustment outcomes.
Option a is incorrect because observational learning involves acquiring behaviors by watching others, not controlling one's own impulses internally.
Option c is incorrect because social modeling refers to imitating others' behaviors, not exercising personal self-control over immediate desires.
Option d is incorrect because vicarious reinforcement involves learning from observing others' consequences, not directly controlling personal impulses.

Correct Answer: Conditional positive regard

Conditional positive regard creates incongruence when individuals adopt others' values to gain approval, distorting their authentic self-experience.
Option a is incorrect because unconditional acceptance promotes congruence and psychological health, not incongruence and resulting psychological distress.
Option c is incorrect because organismic valuing process helps maintain congruence by trusting internal experience rather than causing incongruence.
Option d is incorrect because self-actualization tendency drives growth toward potential, not the incongruence between real and ideal selves.

Correct Answer: Prepotency principle applies

The prepotency principle states lower needs must be reasonably satisfied before higher needs become motivating forces in behavior.
Option a is incorrect because the hierarchy's progression reflects universal human needs rather than specific cultural requirements or expectations.
Option c is incorrect because the hierarchy is based on internal motivational forces, not external social expectations determining need progression.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive capacity doesn't prevent focus on higher needs; rather, urgent lower needs demand attention first.

Correct Answer: Combined trait elevation

This person shows high extraversion through social seeking, possibly high psychoticism through risk-taking, and high neuroticism through emotional volatility.
Option a is incorrect because psychoticism alone wouldn't account for the social stimulation seeking, which indicates high extraversion levels present.
Option b is incorrect because extraversion alone doesn't explain emotional volatility, which suggests neuroticism is also elevated in this profile.
Option c is incorrect because neuroticism alone wouldn't explain the active social seeking and risk-taking behaviors described in the scenario.

Correct Answer: Lifespan coverage extent

Erikson extended development across the entire lifespan with eight stages, while Freud focused primarily on early childhood development.
Option a is incorrect because the number difference is less significant than the conceptual extension to cover entire lifespan development comprehensively.
Option c is incorrect because both theories consider unconscious processes; the key difference is temporal scope not unconscious emphasis.
Option d is incorrect because the theoretical difference concerns developmental scope and social emphasis, not research methodology differences between them.

Correct Answer: Cardinal trait

Cardinal traits are dominant characteristics that influence nearly all aspects of a person's life and behavioral choices consistently.
Option a is incorrect because secondary traits appear only in specific situations, not organizing one's entire life around single focus.
Option b is incorrect because central traits are important but not all-consuming; they don't dominate every aspect of personality expression.
Option d is incorrect because common traits are shared cultural characteristics, not individual organizing principles dominating personal life completely.

Correct Answer: Trust difficulties

Insecure infant attachment often leads to difficulties trusting partners, fear of abandonment, or avoiding intimacy in adult relationships.
Option a is incorrect because insecure attachment typically creates dependency or avoidance patterns, not healthy complete independence in relationships.
Option b is incorrect because insecure attachment usually results in poor boundaries, either too rigid or too permeable, not healthy ones.
Option d is incorrect because insecure attachment often impairs emotional development, leading to immature relationship patterns not emotional maturity.

Correct Answer: Reinforcement history

Behavioral theories emphasize that personality consists of learned behavior patterns maintained through reinforcement and punishment experiences over time.
Option a is incorrect because behavioral theories focus on environmental learning rather than genetic factors in personality development and maintenance.
Option c is incorrect because behavioral approaches reject unconscious drives, focusing instead on observable behaviors and their environmental consequences.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive schemas are cognitive theory concepts; pure behavioral theories focus on reinforcement not mental representations.

Correct Answer: Continuous integration process

Jung viewed individuation as ongoing adult development integrating unconscious elements, while Freud saw personality largely fixed after childhood.
Option a is incorrect because Jung actually extended development later into life, not earlier, through the ongoing individuation process concept.
Option c is incorrect because Jung de-emphasized sexuality compared to Freud, focusing on broader psychic energy and symbolic meaning instead.
Option d is incorrect because this describes Freud's view; Jung emphasized continued adult development beyond childhood personality formation periods.

Correct Answer: Vicarious reinforcement

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when observers learn from consequences experienced by models, increasing imitation of rewarded behaviors witnessed.
Option a is incorrect because classical conditioning involves direct association between stimuli, not learning through observing others' behavioral consequences.
Option c is incorrect because operant conditioning requires direct personal experience of consequences, not observation of others' reinforcement experiences.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive dissonance involves conflicting beliefs causing discomfort, not learning through observing modeled behavior consequences.

Correct Answer: Unconditional acceptance

Rogers emphasized unconditional positive regard as essential for creating safe therapeutic environment enabling self-exploration and personal growth.
Option a is incorrect because behavioral contracts are behaviorist interventions, not part of Rogers' humanistic client-centered therapeutic approach principles.
Option b is incorrect because dream interpretation is a psychodynamic technique; Rogers focused on conscious experience not unconscious symbolism.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive restructuring is a cognitive therapy technique, not part of Rogers' emotion-focused humanistic approach.