D564 Theories of Personality - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Humor defense

Humor defense allows expression of anxiety-provoking thoughts in socially acceptable joking form while avoiding direct emotional confrontation involved.
Option b is incorrect because intellectualization involves abstract thinking about emotions rather than joking; it removes feeling through analytical distance.
Option c is incorrect because reaction formation expresses opposite feelings not humor; joking differs from displaying contrary emotions entirely.
Option d is incorrect because denial involves refusing to acknowledge reality while humor acknowledges but transforms threatening material defensively.

Correct Answer: Undiscovered self aspects

Hidden rooms symbolize unexplored aspects of personality awaiting discovery and integration into conscious awareness through individuation process development.
Option a is incorrect because death anxiety typically manifests through different symbols; hidden rooms suggest potential not endings symbolically.
Option c is incorrect because while possible, Jung emphasized prospective not retrospective dream meaning; hidden rooms suggest future development.
Option d is incorrect because this reflects Freudian interpretation; Jung saw houses representing psyche with rooms as personality aspects.

Correct Answer: Mediation tendency

Middle children often develop peacemaking skills navigating between siblings, becoming skilled at compromise and seeing multiple perspectives simultaneously.
Option a is incorrect because superiority striving characterizes youngest children compensating for size disadvantage through achievement not mediation typically.
Option b is incorrect because middle children often receive less attention, developing independence rather than attention-seeking behaviors primarily observed.
Option d is incorrect because while possible, middle children more typically develop diplomatic rather than rebellious personality patterns generally.

Correct Answer: Integrity versus despair

Integrity involves accepting one's life as meaningful and valuable while despair involves regret about unfulfilled possibilities remaining.
Option a is incorrect because generativity occurs in middle adulthood focusing on contributing to society not life review processes.
Option c is incorrect because identity formation happens during adolescence not elderly life review and acceptance stages developmentally.
Option d is incorrect because intimacy development occurs in young adulthood; elderly face integrity versus despair crisis instead.

Correct Answer: Basic anxiety management

Excessive control represents moving against people strategy, managing basic anxiety through domination and power over others defensively.
Option b is incorrect because Horney rejected Freud's sexual emphasis; control needs stem from anxiety not sublimated sexual drives.
Option c is incorrect because this is Erikson's concept; Horney focused on neurotic coping strategies not identity development stages.
Option d is incorrect because excessive control indicates neurosis not healthy self-actualization; it reflects anxiety not growth motivation.

Correct Answer: Central versus secondary

Constant kindness represents central trait influencing many behaviors while situational kindness toward animals represents secondary trait expression.
Option a is incorrect because cardinal traits dominate entire personality; neither example represents such all-consuming characteristics described here.
Option c is incorrect because Allport didn't use primary trait terminology; he distinguished cardinal, central, and secondary levels specifically.
Option d is incorrect because this distinction involves trait consistency not whether traits are culturally common or individually unique.

Correct Answer: Causal versus resultant

Source traits like intelligence cause observable surface traits like academic performance; they're underlying factors producing visible behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because both can be measured; the distinction involves causal relationships not visibility to observers necessarily.
Option b is incorrect because both source and surface traits can be learned or innate; causality not origin distinguishes them.
Option d is incorrect because source traits aren't necessarily simpler; they're fundamental causes regardless of complexity level involved.

Correct Answer: Low self-efficacy

Low self-efficacy beliefs prevent goal pursuit even with adequate abilities because people doubt their capability to succeed.
Option b is incorrect because the scenario specifies necessary abilities exist; Bandura emphasizes efficacy beliefs over genetic factors anyway.
Option c is incorrect because Bandura focuses on conscious cognitive factors like efficacy beliefs not unconscious conflicts affecting behavior.
Option d is incorrect because self-efficacy varies by domain and situation; it's not a personality disorder but cognitive belief pattern.

Correct Answer: Interpretive differences

People encode experiences differently based on existing cognitive-affective units, creating unique personality patterns from similar events encountered.
Option a is incorrect because encoding follows systematic patterns based on existing cognitive structures not random processing of experiences.
Option c is incorrect because Mischel emphasizes cognitive interpretation over genetic factors in personality development from experiences encountered.
Option d is incorrect because encoding involves conscious and preconscious processing not purely unconscious selection of experience aspects.

Correct Answer: Cognitive strategy importance

Individual differences in cognitive strategies for managing temptation predicted outcomes better than situational factors alone would suggest.
Option a is incorrect because situations matter; the test showed cognitive strategies mediate situational demands not irrelevance of context.
Option b is incorrect because the test demonstrated strategic differences not fixed traits; strategies can be learned and modified.
Option d is incorrect because success depended on learnable cognitive strategies not genetic factors determining delay ability fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Conditions of worth

Conditions of worth force people to deny experiences contradicting introjected values, creating defensive distortions maintaining false self-concept.
Option a is incorrect because Rogers emphasized conscious experience and conditions of worth not unconscious drives creating defenses primarily.
Option c is incorrect because Rogers focused on psychological needs for acceptance not biological urges requiring defensive distortion necessarily.
Option d is incorrect because while social, conditions of worth are internalized personal requirements not external social requirements directly.

Correct Answer: Unmet psychological needs

Material success addresses physiological and safety needs but unfulfilled belonging or esteem needs block self-actualization progression developmentally.
Option a is incorrect because self-actualization doesn't require high intelligence; it involves motivational progression through need satisfaction hierarchically.
Option c is incorrect because Maslow emphasized universal potential for self-actualization given proper need satisfaction not genetic limitations.
Option d is incorrect because while influential, internal psychological needs must be met regardless of social factors present externally.

Correct Answer: Biological temperament

Genetic factors influencing arousal and temperament create similar personality dimensions despite different environmental experiences throughout development.
Option a is incorrect because twins raised apart lack shared experiences; similarities suggest biological rather than environmental influences operating.
Option c is incorrect because Eysenck emphasized measurable biological factors not mystical unconscious connections between separated twins studied.
Option d is incorrect because cultural universals affect everyone; twin similarities exceed general cultural patterns suggesting biological factors specifically.

Correct Answer: Internal growth potential

Humanistic theories assume inherent growth tendencies toward self-actualization while behavioral theories emphasize external reinforcement shaping personality entirely.
Option a is incorrect because both value research though methods differ; the fundamental difference concerns human nature assumptions not methodology.
Option c is incorrect because both acknowledge environmental influence; they differ on internal versus external primary causation sources.
Option d is incorrect because methodological preferences reflect deeper philosophical differences about human nature and potential for growth.

Correct Answer: Intrinsic motivation development

Originally required behavior becomes intrinsically motivating, functioning autonomously from original external requirements through functional autonomy process.
Option a is incorrect because functional autonomy involves motivated continuation not mere habit; the behavior becomes genuinely self-rewarding internally.
Option c is incorrect because functional autonomy means behavior continues without external pressure; it's internally motivated not socially driven.
Option d is incorrect because Allport emphasized conscious motives; functional autonomy involves current conscious motivation not unconscious needs.

Correct Answer: Clinging behaviors

Anxious-ambivalent attachment creates clingy, dependent personality patterns with intense fear of abandonment affecting adult relationships persistently.
Option a is incorrect because anxious-ambivalent attachment creates dependence not independence; individuals desperately seek reassurance from others constantly.
Option b is incorrect because this attachment style creates emotional instability and anxiety not stability in relationships and coping.
Option d is incorrect because anxious-ambivalent attachment produces poor boundaries, either enmeshed or chaotic, not secure relationship boundaries.

Correct Answer: Active versus passive

Punishment actively suppresses behavior through aversive consequences while extinction passively eliminates behavior by removing reinforcement entirely present.
Option a is incorrect because both can work quickly or slowly; the distinction involves active suppression versus passive elimination processes.
Option c is incorrect because this confuses reinforcement types; punishment is aversive while extinction removes reinforcement not adding anything.
Option d is incorrect because both involve learning; punishment teaches avoidance while extinction teaches behavior doesn't produce rewards anymore.

Correct Answer: Social mask versus authenticity

Persona represents the social mask presented publicly while true self includes authentic totality including shadow and unconscious aspects.
Option a is incorrect because persona is largely conscious; the distinction involves social presentation versus complete personality not awareness.
Option c is incorrect because both persona and true self contain positive and negative aspects; neither is entirely positive or negative.
Option d is incorrect because both can be relatively stable or changing; the distinction involves social facade versus authentic totality.

Correct Answer: Consequence observation

Observing whether models are rewarded or punished for aggression determines likelihood of incorporating aggressive patterns into personality repertoire.
Option a is incorrect because observational learning emphasizes environmental learning over genetic predisposition to aggressive personality development processes.
Option c is incorrect because while age affects learning capacity, consequences observed determine adoption more than age factors alone.
Option d is incorrect because both genders learn through observation; consequence observation matters more than gender in determining adoption.

Correct Answer: Accepting feelings

Unconditional acceptance of all feelings including anger maintains therapeutic safety enabling deeper exploration of underlying experiences involved.
Option a is incorrect because while boundaries matter, Rogers emphasized accepting rather than limiting emotional expression in therapy sessions.
Option b is incorrect because interpretation is psychodynamic; Rogers focused on accepting and reflecting not interpreting client feelings expressed.
Option d is incorrect because redirecting avoids feelings; Rogers believed accepting all emotions facilitates therapeutic progress most effectively.