D564 Theories of Personality - Set 4 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Motivated forgetting

Motivated forgetting or parapraxis reveals unconscious desires to avoid unpleasant experiences through seemingly accidental memory failures occurring systematically.
Option a is incorrect because the forgetting appears accidental not consciously planned; unconscious motivation drives the forgetting behavior observed here.
Option c is incorrect because memory decay affects all memories equally; selective forgetting of unpleasant events suggests motivated unconscious processes.
Option d is incorrect because attention deficits would affect multiple appointments; selective forgetting indicates unconscious defensive motivation operating specifically.

Correct Answer: Archetypal expression

Myths and fairy tales express universal archetypes from collective unconscious, helping individuals understand psychological development through symbolic narratives.
Option a is incorrect because Jung saw deeper psychological significance beyond entertainment; myths serve individuation and psychological development purposes primarily.
Option c is incorrect because Jung emphasized psychological not historical truth in myths; they reveal psyche not actual events necessarily.
Option d is incorrect because while containing morals, Jung emphasized archetypal patterns over moral instruction as primary psychological function served.

Correct Answer: Dethronement experience

Firstborns experience dethronement losing exclusive parental attention, often developing responsible, conservative personality traits compensating for lost status experienced.
Option a is incorrect because firstborns typically struggle with sibling arrival initially; acceptance develops gradually not immediately upon arrival typically.
Option c is incorrect because confidence often decreases initially; firstborns must adjust to sharing attention previously exclusively received from parents.
Option d is incorrect because firstborns typically become more responsible not withdrawn; they often adopt caretaking roles with siblings.

Correct Answer: Generativity stage

Retirement challenges generativity by removing primary avenue for contributing to society, requiring new ways of guiding younger generations.
Option a is incorrect because identity crisis occurs in adolescence; retirement affects later life stages not identity formation primarily occurring earlier.
Option b is incorrect because intimacy versus isolation occurs in young adulthood before career establishment and retirement issues arise typically.
Option d is incorrect because integrity stage involves life review; retirement specifically challenges generative contribution not life evaluation primarily.

Correct Answer: Moving toward strategy

Excessive apologizing represents moving toward people through self-effacement, seeking safety through appeasement and avoiding potential conflict consistently.
Option a is incorrect because constant unnecessary apologizing indicates neurotic need for approval not healthy humility or appropriate responsibility-taking behavior.
Option c is incorrect because this behavior shows lack of assertiveness; it's a neurotic pattern not training in appropriate self-assertion.
Option d is incorrect because while culture influences, excessive apologizing reflects individual neurotic strategy beyond normal cultural politeness expectations.

Correct Answer: Personal document analysis

Personal documents reveal individual personality patterns through idiographic study, showing unique trait configurations and personal development over time.
Option a is incorrect because Allport focused on conscious personality expression in documents not unconscious revelation like psychodynamic approaches emphasize.
Option c is incorrect because personal documents provide qualitative not statistical data; they support idiographic not nomothetic personality study.
Option d is incorrect because Allport used documents for research not therapy; they're assessment tools not therapeutic interventions primarily.

Correct Answer: Performance versus style

Ability traits determine how well someone performs tasks while temperament traits describe emotional and stylistic response patterns characteristically.
Option a is incorrect because both can be relatively stable; the distinction involves function not stability levels in personality structure.
Option c is incorrect because both ability and temperament traits can be inherited or influenced by environment; origin doesn't distinguish them.
Option d is incorrect because both operate at various consciousness levels; the distinction involves performance capacity versus response style.

Correct Answer: Cognitive justification mechanisms

Moral disengagement involves cognitive mechanisms like euphemistic labeling and displacement of responsibility, allowing harmful behavior without self-sanctions activating.
Option a is incorrect because standards remain but are selectively disengaged; they're circumvented not eliminated from personality structure entirely.
Option c is incorrect because moral disengagement involves conscious cognitive strategies not unconscious processes; it's deliberate though possibly automatic.
Option d is incorrect because personality remains stable; moral disengagement selectively deactivates standards without changing core personality structure fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Situation-behavior specificity

Behavior shows situation-specificity; different situations activate different cognitive-affective units producing behavioral inconsistency across contexts despite stable personality.
Option a is incorrect because Mischel doesn't deny traits exist; he reconceptualizes them as cognitive-affective patterns activated situationally not absent.
Option c is incorrect because inconsistency reflects genuine psychological processes not measurement problems; it's substantive not methodological issue primarily.
Option d is incorrect because behavior patterns are systematic not random; specific situations reliably activate particular response patterns consistently.

Correct Answer: Attention deployment control

Successful children strategically controlled attention away from tempting stimuli, using distraction and reframing techniques maintaining delay behavior effectively.
Option a is incorrect because success depended on strategic skill not general intelligence; specific attention control strategies predicted outcomes better.
Option c is incorrect because successful delay involved cognitive strategies not emotional suppression; thinking differently not feeling less worked best.
Option d is incorrect because children developed individual strategies; success came from personal cognitive skills not adult behavior imitation.

Correct Answer: Understanding versus becoming

Empathy involves understanding client's world without losing self-boundaries while identification involves becoming enmeshed in client's emotional experience.
Option a is incorrect because empathy requires emotional connection not distance; it's deeply attuned understanding maintaining separate self-awareness simultaneously.
Option c is incorrect because the distinction is qualitative not training-based; it involves understanding type not therapist education level.
Option d is incorrect because empathy is a way of being not technique; it's authentic understanding not therapeutic strategy employed.

Correct Answer: Growth needs unmet

Basic need satisfaction enables but doesn't guarantee fulfillment; being needs for growth and self-actualization must be pursued actively.
Option a is incorrect because unfulfillment despite basic satisfaction often reflects unmet growth needs not mental illness necessarily present psychologically.
Option c is incorrect because social acceptance addresses belonging needs; unfulfillment suggests unmet self-actualization needs beyond social acceptance achieved.
Option d is incorrect because Maslow emphasized universal growth potential; unfulfillment reflects unmet being needs not genetic limitations present.

Correct Answer: Biological universals expressed differently

Biological extraversion exists universally but cultural norms shape acceptable expression levels and behavioral manifestations of underlying temperament dimensions.
Option a is incorrect because Eysenck proposed universal biological dimensions; cultural differences involve expression not genetic variation between populations necessarily.
Option c is incorrect because Eysenck emphasized biological bases; culture shapes expression but doesn't construct the underlying dimensions entirely.
Option d is incorrect because while learning matters for expression, Eysenck emphasized biological temperament as primary with cultural expression variations.

Correct Answer: Growth versus meaning

Humanistic psychology emphasizes growth potential and self-actualization while existential approaches focus on meaning-making amid life's inherent challenges.
Option a is incorrect because method differences are secondary; the primary distinction involves emphasis on growth versus confronting existential realities.
Option c is incorrect because therapeutic differences reflect deeper philosophical distinctions about human nature and life's fundamental challenges faced.
Option d is incorrect because both consider culture; the key difference involves growth emphasis versus meaning-making focus primarily distinguishing them.

Correct Answer: Lack of passion

Cardinal traits require overwhelming passion organizing entire personality; most people have varied interests preventing single-focus personality organization developing.
Option a is incorrect because cardinal traits aren't genetically determined; they develop from extreme dedication to particular values or goals.
Option c is incorrect because some cardinal traits oppose social pressure; their absence reflects personality organization not social conformity necessarily.
Option d is incorrect because cardinal traits can be healthy or unhealthy; their rarity reflects typical personality diversity not pathology.

Correct Answer: Therapeutic achievement

Earned security develops through therapeutic relationships or corrective experiences, overcoming insecure attachment through conscious work and relationship experiences.
Option a is incorrect because earned security can be as stable as continuous security once established through therapeutic or relationship work.
Option c is incorrect because earned security develops through experience and conscious effort not genetic factors; it's achieved not inherited.
Option d is incorrect because while culture matters, earned security specifically refers to overcoming early attachment through relationships not cultural factors.

Correct Answer: Removal versus presentation

Response cost removes positive reinforcers while punishment presents aversive stimuli; both decrease behavior through different mechanisms operating behaviorally.
Option a is incorrect because severity varies within both; the distinction involves removing rewards versus adding aversives not intensity levels.
Option c is incorrect because speed depends on multiple factors; the key distinction is mechanism not temporal factors in behavior change.
Option d is incorrect because effectiveness varies situationally; the distinction involves different behavioral processes not success rates necessarily observed.

Correct Answer: Unconscious balancing

Compensation involves unconscious balancing where underdeveloped aspects emerge later in life, creating wholeness through oppositional development occurring naturally.
Option a is incorrect because compensation isn't about correcting deficits but achieving balance between conscious and unconscious personality aspects present.
Option c is incorrect because compensation involves unconscious psychological balancing not conscious skill development; it's deeper than skill acquisition.
Option d is incorrect because compensation serves individuation not social adaptation; it's about inner wholeness not external adjustment primarily.

Correct Answer: Principle extraction

Abstract modeling involves extracting behavioral rules and principles from observations, allowing generalization beyond specific behaviors observed to new situations.
Option a is incorrect because abstract modeling transcends concrete imitation; it involves understanding principles not copying specific behaviors exactly observed.
Option c is incorrect because while emotions matter, abstract modeling specifically involves cognitive principle extraction not emotional learning primarily occurring.
Option d is incorrect because abstract modeling requires conscious cognitive processing not unconscious absorption; it's active principle extraction not passive.

Correct Answer: Accept unconditionally

Unconditional positive regard requires accepting client's values without judgment, maintaining therapeutic safety for self-exploration regardless of therapist's beliefs.
Option a is incorrect because challenging imposes therapist's values, violating unconditional acceptance and potentially damaging therapeutic relationship trust established.
Option c is incorrect because silence might seem withholding; active acceptance while maintaining authenticity better serves therapeutic process advancement.
Option d is incorrect because offering alternatives implies client's values are wrong; acceptance allows client's self-directed value exploration naturally.