D564 Theories of Personality - Set 1 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Parental rejection

Horney emphasized that parental rejection or neglect creates basic anxiety, fundamentally shaping personality development and interpersonal orientations.
Option a is incorrect because Horney rejected Freud's emphasis on Oedipal conflict, focusing instead on parent-child relationship quality overall.
Option c is incorrect because birth order is Adler's concept; Horney focused on emotional climate not sibling position effects.
Option d is incorrect because toilet training is Freud's anal stage focus; Horney emphasized broader parental acceptance not specific developmental events.

Correct Answer: Situations activate differently

CAPS proposes that different situations activate different cognitive-affective units within stable personality systems, creating behavioral variability observed.
Option a is incorrect because Mischel doesn't deny traits exist; he reconceptualizes them as cognitive-affective units activated by situations.
Option c is incorrect because CAPS explains real behavioral variation, not measurement problems; the inconsistency reflects genuine situational responsiveness.
Option d is incorrect because CAPS focuses on conscious cognitive processes and their situational activation, not unconscious processes causing inconsistency.

Correct Answer: Self-actualization level

Peak experiences are moments of intense joy and fulfillment typically experienced by self-actualizing individuals realizing their full potential.
Option a is incorrect because safety needs involve security and protection, not transcendent experiences of joy and personal fulfillment.
Option b is incorrect because belonging needs focus on social connection and acceptance, not individual peak experiences of self-realization.
Option c is incorrect because esteem needs involve recognition and achievement, not the transcendent experiences characterizing self-actualization processes.

Correct Answer: Social goal orientation

Adler's superiority striving involves conscious social goals and community contribution, unlike Freud's pleasure-seeking unconscious drive focus.
Option a is incorrect because Adler emphasized conscious striving toward goals, contrasting with Freud's focus on unconscious motivational forces.
Option c is incorrect because this describes Freud's theory; Adler rejected sexual motivation as primary, emphasizing social striving instead.
Option d is incorrect because both theories acknowledge childhood importance; the distinction lies in social versus pleasure-based motivation concepts.

Correct Answer: Source traits

Cattell identified source traits as fundamental personality dimensions underlying surface behaviors, measurable through factor analysis and assessment tools.
Option a is incorrect because surface behaviors are manifestations of deeper source traits; Cattell emphasized measuring underlying factors not surfaces.
Option c is incorrect because state characteristics are temporary; Cattell focused on stable source traits forming personality's core structure.
Option d is incorrect because Cattell focused on individual differences in source traits, not universal cultural patterns across all people.

Correct Answer: Experience modifiable

Self-efficacy beliefs develop and change through mastery experiences, modeling, and feedback, unlike fixed traits in traditional theories.
Option a is incorrect because self-efficacy develops through experience and social learning, not fixed from birth like temperament traits.
Option b is incorrect because while culture influences self-efficacy, it's primarily shaped by personal experiences and interpretations not cultural determination.
Option d is incorrect because self-efficacy is learned through experience and observation, not inherited genetically like some personality traits.

Correct Answer: Sublimation

Sublimation redirects unacceptable impulses like aggression into socially acceptable activities such as competitive sports or creative pursuits.
Option a is incorrect because repression involves pushing impulses into unconscious, not redirecting them into acceptable behavioral outlets consciously.
Option c is incorrect because displacement shifts impulses to safer targets, not transforming them into socially valued activities like sports.
Option d is incorrect because projection attributes one's impulses to others, not channeling them into productive activities like athletic competition.

Correct Answer: Competence doubts

Unsuccessful resolution of industry versus inferiority creates lasting feelings of inadequacy and doubts about one's competence and abilities.
Option a is incorrect because isolation results from unsuccessful intimacy versus isolation stage resolution, not industry versus inferiority stage.
Option b is incorrect because role confusion stems from identity versus confusion stage difficulties, not industry versus inferiority problems.
Option d is incorrect because trust issues originate from problems in trust versus mistrust stage, not industry versus inferiority stage.

Correct Answer: Inherited archetypes

Jung proposed that archetypes in the collective unconscious are inherited psychological patterns producing similar symbols across cultures independently.
Option a is incorrect because collective unconscious explains similarities without cultural transmission, through inherited psychological structures not cultural exchange.
Option c is incorrect because Jung specifically argued against coincidence, proposing systematic archetypal patterns in human collective unconscious inheritance.
Option d is incorrect because collective unconscious explains mythological similarities without requiring historical connections between culturally separated groups worldwide.

Correct Answer: Introjected values

Introjected values from others interfere with trusting one's organismic valuing process, creating incongruence and psychological distress patterns.
Option a is incorrect because self-actualization results from trusting organismic valuing, not preventing it; it's the goal not obstacle.
Option b is incorrect because congruent experiences support trusting internal valuing processes, not preventing trust in organismic wisdom sources.
Option d is incorrect because unconditional regard facilitates trusting organismic valuing by removing conditions of worth blocking authentic self-expression.

Correct Answer: Moving toward

Moving toward people represents the self-effacing solution where individuals seek approval and affection to manage basic anxiety.
Option a is incorrect because moving against involves aggressive, competitive behaviors toward others, not compliance and approval seeking patterns.
Option b is incorrect because moving away involves withdrawal and emotional distance from others, not seeking their approval actively.
Option d is incorrect because moving beyond is not one of Horney's three interpersonal orientations for managing basic anxiety.

Correct Answer: Internal consistency

Trait theories assume personality consists of relatively stable internal characteristics that consistently influence behavior across situations.
Option a is incorrect because trait theories focus on measurable characteristics rather than unconscious motivations driving behavior like psychodynamic approaches.
Option b is incorrect because trait theories emphasize internal dispositions rather than environmental factors determining behavior like behavioral theories.
Option d is incorrect because trait theories focus on current personality structure rather than developmental origins in childhood experiences.

Correct Answer: Cognitive processing

Bandura emphasized that cognitive processes including attention, retention, and motivation mediate between observation and behavioral performance in modeling.
Option a is incorrect because modeling can occur without direct reinforcement; cognitive processing of observed consequences enables vicarious learning effects.
Option b is incorrect because modeling involves more than avoiding punishment; cognitive processing of various observed outcomes influences behavior adoption.
Option d is incorrect because while emotions matter, cognitive processing of observations is the essential mediating factor in social learning.

Correct Answer: Delay strategies

Children who developed cognitive strategies for delaying gratification showed better outcomes, demonstrating cognitive variables' importance in personality functioning.
Option a is incorrect because the test demonstrates learned cognitive strategies' importance, not genetic factors in self-control and personality.
Option c is incorrect because the test situation involves individual self-control without social pressure, testing internal regulation capacities primarily.
Option d is incorrect because successful delay involves cognitive strategies more than emotional control; thinking strategies predict success better.

Correct Answer: Prepotency principle

The prepotency principle indicates lower needs like belonging must be satisfied before higher needs like esteem become primary motivators.
Option a is incorrect because cognitive ability doesn't prevent esteem development; rather, unmet lower needs take motivational priority over higher ones.
Option c is incorrect because the hierarchy reflects universal human needs progression, not cultural barriers to self-esteem development specifically.
Option d is incorrect because Maslow's hierarchy emphasizes motivational priorities based on need satisfaction, not genetic factors limiting development.

Correct Answer: Consistent versus situational

Central traits consistently influence behavior across situations while secondary traits appear only in specific circumstances or contexts.
Option a is incorrect because Allport focused on conscious traits; the distinction concerns consistency not consciousness levels in personality.
Option b is incorrect because both central and secondary traits can be either inherited or learned; consistency distinguishes them primarily.
Option d is incorrect because both trait types can be positive or negative; the distinction involves consistency not valence direction.

Correct Answer: Arousal differences

Eysenck proposed introverts have higher baseline arousal and need less stimulation, while extraverts require more stimulation for optimal functioning.
Option a is incorrect because Eysenck emphasized biological bases of introversion-extraversion, not learned behavioral patterns from experience histories.
Option c is incorrect because Eysenck focused on biological factors and arousal, not developmental experiences shaping introversion or extraversion.
Option d is incorrect because Eysenck's model emphasizes universal biological dimensions rather than cultural influences on personality types.

Correct Answer: Id and superego

Neurotic symptoms arise when the ego cannot successfully mediate conflicts between id impulses and superego restrictions effectively.
Option a is incorrect because conscious and preconscious are awareness levels, not conflicting structures producing psychological symptoms in Freud's model.
Option c is incorrect because the ego mediates with reality; symptoms come from id-superego conflicts the ego cannot resolve successfully.
Option d is incorrect because primary and secondary refer to process types, not conflicting structures creating symptoms in personality functioning.

Correct Answer: Community connection

Social interest reflects healthy personality through genuine concern for others and contributing to community welfare beyond personal gains.
Option a is incorrect because Adler emphasized conscious social interest and goals, not unconscious expressions of personality health indicators.
Option c is incorrect because social interest represents healthy functioning, not a defensive mechanism protecting against anxiety or inferiority.
Option d is incorrect because social interest develops through encouragement and modeling, not biological drives determining psychological health levels.

Correct Answer: Internal working models

Attachment experiences create internal working models of relationships that guide parenting behavior, transmitting patterns across generations indirectly.
Option a is incorrect because attachment patterns transmit through psychological models and behaviors, not genetic inheritance of relationship styles.
Option c is incorrect because attachment transmission occurs through individual parent-child relationships, not broader cultural tradition transmission mechanisms.
Option d is incorrect because attachment involves complex emotional bonds and mental representations, not simple behavioral conditioning across generations.