D564 Theories of Personality - Set 2 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Competitive aggression

Moving against people involves aggressive competition and domination attempts to manage basic anxiety through controlling others forcefully.
Option a is incorrect because excessive cooperation represents moving toward people strategy, not the aggressive moving against orientation pattern.
Option c is incorrect because social withdrawal characterizes moving away from people, not the aggressive moving against interpersonal strategy.
Option d is incorrect because emotional dependence reflects moving toward people for security, not moving against them through aggression.

Correct Answer: Different interpretations

Siblings develop different cognitive-affective units through unique interpretations of shared experiences, creating distinct personality patterns despite similar environments.
Option a is incorrect because CAPS emphasizes cognitive interpretation over genetic factors in explaining personality differences between siblings raised together.
Option c is incorrect because while birth order matters, CAPS specifically emphasizes cognitive interpretation differences not ordinal position alone.
Option d is incorrect because CAPS focuses on individual cognitive processing rather than differential treatment in explaining personality variation.

Correct Answer: Growth seeking orientation

Being needs motivate through growth and fulfillment seeking rather than deficiency reduction, driving continued development beyond basic satisfaction.
Option a is incorrect because being needs strongly motivate self-actualizers; they're different in quality not weaker in influence necessarily.
Option c is incorrect because being needs involve internal growth and self-realization, not external focus like some deficiency needs.
Option d is incorrect because being needs provide ongoing motivation for growth rather than temporary satisfaction like deficiency needs.

Correct Answer: Creates dependency

Pampered children develop dependent personalities, struggling with life tasks because they expect others to solve their problems continuously.
Option a is incorrect because pampering creates false confidence that crumbles when facing real challenges requiring independent problem-solving abilities.
Option c is incorrect because pampering prevents resilience development by shielding children from challenges that build coping skills progressively.
Option d is incorrect because pampering impairs success in life tasks by preventing development of necessary independence and social interest.

Correct Answer: Statistical analysis emphasis

Cattell pioneered using factor analysis and statistical methods to identify personality dimensions objectively rather than clinical impression alone.
Option a is incorrect because Cattell moved beyond clinical observation toward empirical statistical methods for identifying personality traits systematically.
Option c is incorrect because Cattell focused on measurable traits rather than unconscious processes, using objective assessment methods primarily.
Option d is incorrect because Cattell emphasized personality structure not developmental stages, using cross-sectional rather than longitudinal approaches mainly.

Correct Answer: Social modeling opportunities

High collective efficacy provides positive models and supportive environments that shape individual self-efficacy beliefs and personality development positively.
Option a is incorrect because Bandura emphasizes social learning over genetic factors; collective efficacy influences modeling not gene expression.
Option c is incorrect because Bandura focuses on conscious observational learning and cognitive processes, not unconscious community influences primarily.
Option d is incorrect because collective efficacy affects social learning opportunities rather than biological maturation processes in personality development.

Correct Answer: Dependency behaviors

Oral fixation creates dependency, passivity, and need for oral gratification through eating, smoking, or excessive talking behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because obsessive neatness results from anal stage fixation involving control issues, not oral stage fixation patterns.
Option c is incorrect because sexual dysfunction relates more to phallic stage issues; oral fixation affects dependency not sexuality primarily.
Option d is incorrect because while oral aggression exists, the primary manifestation involves dependency and oral gratification seeking behaviors predominantly.

Correct Answer: Relationship difficulties

Failed trust development creates lasting difficulties forming secure relationships, affecting intimacy capacity and interpersonal functioning throughout life persistently.
Option a is incorrect because career problems relate more to industry versus inferiority resolution, not primarily trust versus mistrust issues.
Option b is incorrect because identity confusion stems from adolescent identity crisis, not infant trust versus mistrust stage primarily.
Option d is incorrect because learning disabilities aren't directly linked to trust development; Erikson focused on psychosocial not cognitive development.

Correct Answer: Acausal connections

Synchronicity proposes meaningful acausal connections between events, challenging scientific causality requirements in understanding psychological phenomena and personality.
Option a is incorrect because synchronicity specifically challenges empirical verification by proposing non-causal meaningful connections defying scientific testing methods.
Option c is incorrect because the issue isn't statistical analysis but the fundamental acausal nature of synchronistic events Jung proposed.
Option d is incorrect because while relevant, the core challenge involves acausality rather than just experimental control limitations specifically.

Correct Answer: Creates incongruence

Conditional regard forces children to distort experience for approval, creating incongruence between real feelings and expressed behavior patterns.
Option a is incorrect because conditional regard reduces authenticity by requiring children to meet external conditions for love and acceptance.
Option c is incorrect because conditional regard undermines genuine confidence, creating anxiety about maintaining others' approval constantly throughout life.
Option d is incorrect because conditional regard impairs healthy adjustment by preventing trust in organismic valuing and authentic self-expression.

Correct Answer: Parental indifference

Parental indifference or rejection creates basic hostility toward parents that must be repressed, generating basic anxiety patterns.
Option a is incorrect because Horney emphasized parent-child relationships over sibling dynamics in creating basic hostility and anxiety patterns.
Option c is incorrect because school failure is secondary; Horney focused on early parental relationships creating fundamental anxiety patterns initially.
Option d is incorrect because peer relationships are less central than parental bonds in Horney's theory of basic anxiety development.

Correct Answer: Extreme trait positions

Trait theories conceptualize disorders as extreme positions on normal trait dimensions rather than unconscious conflicts or defenses.
Option a is incorrect because trait theories focus on current trait configurations rather than childhood origins of personality disorders primarily.
Option c is incorrect because this describes psychodynamic approaches; trait theories emphasize measurable characteristics not unconscious conflicts fundamentally.
Option d is incorrect because defense mechanisms are psychodynamic concepts; trait theories use dimensional rather than defensive explanations primarily.

Correct Answer: Cognitive appraisal mediation

High self-efficacy leads to viewing challenges as manageable rather than threatening, reducing stress through cognitive appraisal processes.
Option a is incorrect because self-efficacy moderates rather than eliminates stress; it affects interpretation not complete stress elimination necessarily.
Option c is incorrect because self-efficacy operates through cognitive mechanisms rather than overriding genetic stress response patterns directly somehow.
Option d is incorrect because self-efficacy involves conscious cognitive appraisal rather than unconscious protective mechanisms against stress primarily.

Correct Answer: Situational specificity

Behaviors are situationally specific; tests measuring general traits poorly predict responses to particular novel situational demands encountered.
Option a is incorrect because Mischel's critique concerned conceptual issues about cross-situational consistency, not test construction quality problems primarily.
Option c is incorrect because Mischel didn't argue behavior is random but that it's systematically influenced by specific situational factors.
Option d is incorrect because Mischel emphasized cognitive-situational interactions rather than genetic variation in explaining prediction failures observed.

Correct Answer: Self-transcendence moments

Peak experiences involve self-transcendent moments of unity and understanding that facilitate personality integration and growth toward self-actualization.
Option a is incorrect because peak experiences promote growth beyond symptom reduction; they're positive developments not problem elimination primarily.
Option c is incorrect because peak experiences involve transcending defenses rather than strengthening them; they promote openness not defensiveness.
Option d is incorrect because peak experiences may include anxiety; they involve transcendence and growth not anxiety elimination specifically.

Correct Answer: Current function emphasis

Functional autonomy means behaviors originally serving one purpose become independently motivating, functioning autonomously from original childhood motivations.
Option a is incorrect because functional autonomy emphasizes conscious current motivations rather than unconscious persistence of childhood patterns necessarily.
Option c is incorrect because functional autonomy describes learned motivational independence rather than genetic determination of adult behavioral patterns.
Option d is incorrect because while involving learning, functional autonomy specifically addresses motivational independence from original learning contexts uniquely.

Correct Answer: Universal patterns

Biological arousal differences create universal introversion-extraversion patterns across cultures, though expression may vary with cultural norms present.
Option a is incorrect because Eysenck argued biological factors persist across cultures rather than being eliminated by cultural influences completely.
Option c is incorrect because arousal differences follow systematic biological patterns rather than random distribution across different cultural populations.
Option d is incorrect because Eysenck emphasized biological bases over social construction, though acknowledging cultural influence on expression forms.

Correct Answer: Unconscious reenactment

Repetition compulsion drives unconscious reenactment of early traumatic relationships, attempting mastery but perpetuating dysfunction patterns repeatedly observed.
Option a is incorrect because repetition compulsion operates unconsciously; people don't consciously choose to repeat traumatic relationship patterns typically.
Option c is incorrect because repetition compulsion involves unconscious drives rather than conscious social learning from relationship models observed.
Option d is incorrect because Freud emphasized psychological not genetic factors; repetition compulsion stems from unresolved conflicts not genes.

Correct Answer: Community connection emphasis

Social interest reflects psychological health through genuine concern for others; therapy aims developing this community-oriented perspective fundamentally important.
Option a is incorrect because Adler emphasized developing social interest over symptom reduction; symptoms resolve through increased social connection naturally.
Option c is incorrect because Adler focused on conscious goals and social interest rather than unconscious exploration in treatment approaches.
Option d is incorrect because social interest involves psychological and social development rather than biological optimization as health indicator.

Correct Answer: Emotional distance maintenance

Avoidant attachment creates personality patterns maintaining emotional distance, self-reliance, and discomfort with intimacy in adult relationships consistently.
Option a is incorrect because avoidant attachment leads to distance not closeness; excessive closeness characterizes anxious attachment styles instead typically.
Option c is incorrect because avoidant attachment creates consistent distancing patterns rather than chaotic, disorganized relationship behaviors typically observed.
Option d is incorrect because avoidant attachment impairs secure bonding capacity through defensive self-reliance and intimacy avoidance patterns.