D564 Theories of Personality - Set 3 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Independent work preference

Moving away involves maintaining emotional distance, leading to preference for autonomous work minimizing interpersonal demands and dependencies.
Option a is incorrect because leadership requires interpersonal engagement; those moving away prefer minimal social interaction not leadership roles.
Option c is incorrect because team collaboration requires interpersonal connection that those moving away from people actively avoid consistently.
Option d is incorrect because customer service demands interpersonal engagement that conflicts with moving away defensive strategy patterns fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Situational contingencies captured

If-then patterns specify situational conditions activating particular responses, capturing person-situation interactions global traits miss entirely predictively.
Option a is incorrect because the advantage is conceptual not just statistical; if-then patterns capture psychological processes better theoretically.
Option c is incorrect because CAPS emphasizes cognitive-affective processes and situations over genetic factors in behavioral prediction models.
Option d is incorrect because CAPS focuses on cognitive patterns not unconscious processes; if-then relationships are cognitively mediated primarily.

Correct Answer: Transcendent quality

Peak experiences involve self-transcendent unity and profound understanding beyond ordinary pleasure, facilitating personality integration and growth uniquely.
Option a is incorrect because duration varies; the key difference is qualitative transcendence not temporal length of experience necessarily.
Option c is incorrect because frequency doesn't define them; peak experiences are qualitatively distinct regardless of occurrence rate observed.
Option d is incorrect because peak experiences can occur alone or socially; transcendent quality not social context distinguishes them fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Process versus outcome

Encouragement acknowledges effort and improvement supporting growth while praise rewards outcomes potentially creating performance pressure and inferiority.
Option a is incorrect because timing doesn't distinguish them fundamentally; the difference involves focus on process versus end results achieved.
Option c is incorrect because both can be public or private; the distinction involves what's reinforced not delivery context used.
Option d is incorrect because both can be verbal or nonverbal; the key difference is reinforcing effort versus achievement outcomes.

Correct Answer: Language-based traits

The lexical hypothesis that important personality traits become encoded in language influenced identifying universal personality dimensions cross-culturally.
Option a is incorrect because while statistics mattered, the lexical hypothesis specifically influenced trait identification through language analysis methods.
Option c is incorrect because the lexical hypothesis is a research approach not clinical application method for personality assessment directly.
Option d is incorrect because the lexical hypothesis is methodological; it guides trait discovery through language not theoretical framework development.

Correct Answer: Future planning ability

Forethought allows anticipating consequences and planning behavior based on expected outcomes, transcending simple stimulus-response behavioral patterns observed.
Option a is incorrect because forethought involves conscious future planning not unconscious motivation; it's cognitive not psychodynamic conceptually.
Option c is incorrect because while emotions matter, forethought specifically involves cognitive future planning not emotional response patterns primarily.
Option d is incorrect because social learning includes forethought; the distinction from behaviorism is future planning not social learning.

Correct Answer: Delays gratification strategically

Reality principle doesn't eliminate pleasure seeking but delays gratification until appropriate circumstances, balancing desires with reality constraints.
Option a is incorrect because reality principle modifies not eliminates pleasure seeking; ego mediates between id and reality demands present.
Option c is incorrect because reality principle manages rather than increases drives; it's about timing not strengthening impulses involved.
Option d is incorrect because reality principle creates new conflicts between immediate desires and reality constraints rather than removing conflict.

Correct Answer: Competence beliefs

Successfully developing industry creates lasting sense of competence affecting academic and work self-concept throughout subsequent developmental stages persistently.
Option a is incorrect because this stage affects competence feelings not intelligence development; it's about self-perception not ability changes.
Option c is incorrect because while social aspects exist, the primary outcome involves competence beliefs not social skill development specifically.
Option d is incorrect because identity formation occurs later; industry versus inferiority establishes competence foundation for later identity development.

Correct Answer: Conscious-unconscious dialogue

Active imagination creates dialogue between conscious and unconscious through symbolic imagery, facilitating integration and individuation development process progressively.
Option a is incorrect because active imagination doesn't focus on repression but on creative engagement with unconscious symbolic material emerging.
Option c is incorrect because Jung emphasized development and integration over symptom elimination; symptoms resolve through individuation not directly.
Option d is incorrect because active imagination targets psychological integration not behavioral change; it's depth work not behavior modification.

Correct Answer: Accurate comprehension

Empathy involves accurately understanding client's internal experience while sympathy involves feeling sorry, which doesn't facilitate self-exploration effectively.
Option a is incorrect because empathy requires emotional attunement not distance; it's deeply connected understanding not detached observation primarily.
Option c is incorrect because empathy maintains therapeutic boundaries while understanding; personal involvement would compromise therapeutic effectiveness potentially.
Option d is incorrect because both maintain professional boundaries; the distinction involves understanding quality not boundary differences necessarily present.

Correct Answer: Neurotic ambition

The search for glory involves neurotic ambition to achieve impossible idealized self, compensating for basic anxiety and inadequacy.
Option a is incorrect because glory seeking involves unrealistic not realistic achievement; it's neurotic compensation not healthy accomplishment pursuit.
Option c is incorrect because glory seeking is neurotic not healthy; it stems from anxiety not genuine growth motivation observed.
Option d is incorrect because glory seeking isolates through impossible standards rather than creating genuine social connections with others.

Correct Answer: Biological substrates

Dispositional theories propose biological underpinnings create universal personality dimensions expressed similarly across diverse cultural contexts encountered globally.
Option a is incorrect because dispositional theories emphasize biological not learned universals underlying personality similarities across cultures observed worldwide.
Option c is incorrect because dispositional theories oppose pure social construction, proposing biological bases for personality universals identified cross-culturally.
Option d is incorrect because similarities exist without cultural transmission between isolated groups, suggesting biological not cultural causation primarily.

Correct Answer: Self-evaluative processes

Personal standards create self-reinforcement through self-evaluation, maintaining motivated behavior without external rewards through internal satisfaction processes operating.
Option a is incorrect because personal standards supplement rather than eliminate external reinforcement; both can operate simultaneously in motivation.
Option c is incorrect because personal standards involve conscious self-evaluation not unconscious drives; they're cognitive not psychodynamic processes.
Option d is incorrect because personal standards are learned cognitive structures not biological factors; they develop through experience primarily.

Correct Answer: Skill versus disposition

Competencies are specific skills applied situationally while traits imply stable dispositions; competencies explain strategic behavioral deployment better.
Option a is incorrect because both can be stable; the distinction involves skills versus dispositions not stability differences necessarily observed.
Option c is incorrect because both can be measured; the conceptual distinction matters more than measurement difficulty differences encountered practically.
Option d is incorrect because both are theoretically important; they represent different explanatory frameworks not importance level differences fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Being versus deficiency

B-love appreciates others' being without needing anything while D-love seeks to fill personal deficiencies through relationships formed.
Option a is incorrect because intensity doesn't distinguish them; B-love can be intensely appreciative without being needy or possessive.
Option c is incorrect because duration doesn't define the difference; the distinction involves motivational quality not temporal factors present.
Option d is incorrect because social acceptance relates to different needs; the distinction involves appreciation versus need-fulfillment motivation fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Integrated functioning

Cardinal traits represent integrated personality organization while obsessive-compulsive patterns involve ego-dystonic intrusions disrupting functioning rather than organizing it.
Option a is incorrect because cardinal traits aren't necessarily chosen consciously; the distinction involves integration versus disruption not choice.
Option c is incorrect because social acceptance varies; the key difference is integrated versus disruptive functioning not social approval levels.
Option d is incorrect because treatment need depends on distress not pervasiveness; cardinal traits can be healthy dominant personality organizations.

Correct Answer: Lower arousal threshold

Introverts' lower arousal threshold maintains alertness during monotonous tasks while extraverts need more stimulation to stay engaged effectively.
Option a is incorrect because performance differences reflect arousal not intelligence; both personality types span intelligence ranges equally distributed.
Option c is incorrect because training doesn't explain systematic personality differences; arousal differences create performance patterns observed consistently across individuals.
Option d is incorrect because motivation varies individually; the systematic difference involves biological arousal patterns not motivational differences necessarily.

Correct Answer: Logical reality testing

Secondary process enables logical thinking and reality testing, allowing ego to mediate between id impulses and superego demands effectively.
Option a is incorrect because secondary process involves conscious logical thinking not unconscious operations; it's ego's conscious tool primarily.
Option c is incorrect because secondary process delays rather than maximizes pleasure; it considers reality constraints before satisfaction seeking.
Option d is incorrect because secondary process manages rather than eliminates conflict; ego mediates ongoing tensions between personality structures.

Correct Answer: Psychological overcompensation

Organ inferiority motivates psychological overcompensation, developing personality strengths in related or unrelated areas beyond physical adaptation alone observed.
Option a is incorrect because Adler emphasized creative compensation not biological determinism; people actively shape responses to organ inferiority.
Option c is incorrect because organ inferiority typically motivates striving not withdrawal; it energizes rather than defeats personality development.
Option d is incorrect because organ inferiority provides focus for striving rather than creating confusion; it organizes personality development purposefully.

Correct Answer: Effective coping strategies

Secure attachment provides internal working models for managing stress through seeking appropriate support and self-soothing when needed adaptively.
Option a is incorrect because secure attachment improves stress management not elimination; stress remains but coping improves substantially throughout life.
Option c is incorrect because secure attachment enables emotional expression and regulation not suppression; it promotes healthy emotional processing consistently.
Option d is incorrect because secure attachment balances autonomy with connection; it's not about independence but flexible relationship patterns.