D564 Theories of Personality - Set 1 - Part 3

Correct Answer: Psychological distress develops

Large discrepancies between real and ideal self create incongruence, leading to anxiety, depression, and other psychological distress symptoms.
Option a is incorrect because self-actualization requires congruence between real and ideal self, not large discrepancies causing internal conflict.
Option c is incorrect because large discrepancies decrease congruence; congruence requires alignment between real and ideal self concepts.
Option d is incorrect because large discrepancies impede growth by creating anxiety and defensive behaviors rather than facilitating development.

Correct Answer: Interpret and select

Cognitive factors interpret environmental events and select responses, mediating the bidirectional influence between environment and behavior continuously.
Option a is incorrect because cognitive factors don't block environmental influence; they interpret and process environmental information affecting responses.
Option c is incorrect because cognitive factors shape and guide behavior rather than eliminating it from the reciprocal interaction system.
Option d is incorrect because reciprocal determinism emphasizes interdependence among factors, not independence created by cognitive processes alone.

Correct Answer: Personal repression

The shadow contains personally repressed materials from individual experience, while the id contains universal biological drives and impulses.
Option a is incorrect because both shadow and id are largely unconscious; the difference lies in content not awareness levels.
Option c is incorrect because while id emphasizes sexuality, this isn't the key distinction; shadow contains various repressed personal materials.
Option d is incorrect because both exist from early life; the key difference is personal versus universal content not developmental timing.

Correct Answer: Generative capacity

Successfully forming intimate relationships provides the foundation for generativity, contributing to society and guiding future generations effectively.
Option a is incorrect because identity formation occurs in the previous stage; intimacy builds upon established identity not vice versa.
Option c is incorrect because trust establishment occurs in infancy; intimacy stage builds on earlier trust but doesn't establish it.
Option d is incorrect because industry development occurs in childhood; intimacy stage influences later generativity not earlier industry development.

Correct Answer: Factor analysis

Cattell used factor analysis to identify underlying source traits from correlations among many surface behaviors and characteristics measured.
Option a is incorrect because while correlations are involved, factor analysis goes beyond simple correlations to identify underlying factorial structures.
Option c is incorrect because regression analysis predicts outcomes from predictors; factor analysis identifies underlying dimensions from multiple variables.
Option d is incorrect because meta-analysis combines multiple studies' results; factor analysis identifies structure within single datasets typically.

Correct Answer: Interpersonal source

Horney's basic anxiety stems from parent-child relationships and interpersonal experiences, while Freud emphasized intrapsychic conflicts causing anxiety.
Option a is incorrect because Freud emphasized biological drives while Horney focused on interpersonal rather than biological anxiety sources.
Option c is incorrect because both involve unconscious processes; the difference is interpersonal versus intrapsychic sources of anxiety development.
Option d is incorrect because both originate in childhood; the distinction involves interpersonal versus internal conflict sources not timing.

Correct Answer: Growth motivation

Self-actualizers are motivated by growth and being needs rather than deficiency needs, seeking fulfillment beyond basic satisfaction.
Option a is incorrect because self-actualization relates to motivation and values, not intelligence levels distinguishing hierarchy positions between individuals.
Option c is incorrect because self-actualization transcends social status; it involves personal growth regardless of societal position or recognition.
Option d is incorrect because while health matters, self-actualization primarily involves psychological growth motivation not physical health status differences.

Correct Answer: Continues developing

Self-regulation abilities established in childhood continue developing through ongoing experiences, influencing personality functioning across the lifespan dynamically.
Option a is incorrect because self-regulation remains modifiable through experience and practice, not fixed after childhood development periods end.
Option c is incorrect because self-regulation involves conscious cognitive processes and strategies, not unconscious automatic personality functioning mechanisms.
Option d is incorrect because childhood self-regulation provides foundation for adult functioning; it evolves rather than disappearing over time.

Correct Answer: Group versus individual

Idiographic approach studies unique individual cases in depth while nomothetic seeks general laws applying across many people.
Option b is incorrect because the distinction concerns individual versus group focus, not consciousness levels in personality study approaches.
Option c is incorrect because both approaches can examine traits; the difference is individual uniqueness versus general patterns across people.
Option d is incorrect because both approaches can study stability or change; the key difference is individual versus group focus.

Correct Answer: Manage anxiety

Defense mechanisms protect the ego from overwhelming anxiety, allowing continued functioning despite their reality distortion effects on perception.
Option a is incorrect because defense mechanisms decrease awareness of threatening material rather than increasing conscious awareness of reality.
Option c is incorrect because defense mechanisms often impair relationships through projection and other distortions rather than improving them.
Option d is incorrect because defense mechanisms can interfere with learning by distorting feedback rather than enhancing learning processes.