D564 Theories of Personality - Set 2 - Part 3

Correct Answer: Psychological safety

Unconditional positive regard creates psychological safety enabling clients to explore threatening experiences without fear of judgment or rejection.
Option a is incorrect because Rogers emphasized creating safe conditions over interpretation; safety precedes and enables therapeutic exploration primarily.
Option c is incorrect because Rogers' non-directive approach avoids guidance, trusting clients' self-directed exploration within safe therapeutic relationships.
Option d is incorrect because Rogers rejected behavioral contracts; change occurs through safe exploration not structured behavioral agreements primarily.

Correct Answer: Active construction

People actively select and shape environments matching their interests and abilities, creating reciprocal influences between person and environment.
Option a is incorrect because environment selection reflects personal factors systematically rather than occurring randomly without personal influence involved.
Option c is incorrect because reciprocal determinism emphasizes active role in environment selection rather than passive acceptance of circumstances.
Option d is incorrect because while genetics matter, reciprocal determinism emphasizes cognitive and behavioral factors in environment selection processes.

Correct Answer: Type-task alignment

Career satisfaction increases when job requirements align with psychological type preferences for thinking, feeling, sensing, or intuiting.
Option a is incorrect because Jung's types suggest systematic personality-career matches rather than random associations between types and occupations.
Option c is incorrect because while unconscious factors influence, type theory emphasizes conscious type preferences matching job characteristics optimally.
Option d is incorrect because type theory focuses on internal psychological preferences rather than social pressure in career satisfaction.

Correct Answer: Enables genuine closeness

Solid identity formation provides the foundation for genuine intimacy without fear of losing oneself in close relationships.
Option a is incorrect because identity achievement facilitates rather than prevents intimacy; identity confusion creates intimacy difficulties not achievement.
Option c is incorrect because successful identity formation enables timely intimacy development rather than causing developmental delays in relationships.
Option d is incorrect because while identity helps, it doesn't guarantee intimacy success; other factors also influence relationship capacity.

Correct Answer: Greater specificity

Sixteen factors provide more detailed personality description and prediction though sacrificing parsimony compared to broader five-factor models.
Option a is incorrect because sixteen factors make testing more complex not easier; five-factor models offer greater practical efficiency.
Option c is incorrect because both models show cultural universality; factor number doesn't determine cross-cultural applicability of traits.
Option d is incorrect because five-factor models are more theoretically elegant through parsimony; sixteen factors sacrifice elegance for detail.

Correct Answer: Broader attribution scope

Externalization attributes all internal experiences to external causes, broader than projection's specific impulse attribution to others.
Option a is incorrect because both externalization and projection operate largely unconsciously; awareness level doesn't distinguish them fundamentally.
Option c is incorrect because both originate in childhood; the difference involves scope not developmental timing of defense formation.
Option d is incorrect because treatment approaches reflect theoretical differences; the key distinction involves defensive scope not therapeutic technique.

Correct Answer: Need versus appreciation

Deficiency love seeks to fill personal needs while being love appreciates others for themselves without needing anything returned.
Option a is incorrect because intensity doesn't distinguish them; being love can be intense while remaining non-possessive and appreciative.
Option c is incorrect because duration doesn't define the difference; the distinction involves motivation quality not relationship length necessarily.
Option d is incorrect because social approval relates to esteem needs; the love distinction involves need-based versus appreciation-based motivation.

Correct Answer: Mental versus physical

Cognitive competencies involve mental abilities like planning and problem-solving while behavioral skills are actual performance capabilities demonstrated.
Option a is incorrect because both cognitive competencies and behavioral skills are largely learned through experience not inherited primarily.
Option c is incorrect because both can be relatively stable or changeable; the distinction involves mental versus behavioral not stability.
Option d is incorrect because both operate consciously in social cognitive theory; the distinction is mental versus behavioral not awareness.

Correct Answer: Gradual self-awareness

Proprium develops through stages of increasing self-awareness from bodily sense to self-identity, creating unified personality over time.
Option a is incorrect because proprium development involves conscious self-awareness growth rather than unconscious integration processes primarily in personality.
Option c is incorrect because while social factors matter, proprium emphasizes internal self-awareness development over social comparison processes mainly.
Option d is incorrect because proprium development involves psychological growth beyond biological maturation, though building on physical development initially.

Correct Answer: Internal representation patterns

Early relationships create internal working models of self and others that persist, shaping adult personality and relationship patterns.
Option a is incorrect because object relations emphasize psychological internalization rather than genetic transmission of relationship patterns across generations.
Option c is incorrect because object relations involve complex internal representations beyond simple behavioral conditioning from early experiences primarily.
Option d is incorrect because object relations focus on internalized relationship representations rather than observed social learning processes mainly.