D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Conceptual peg hypothesis

Option b is correct because Paivio's conceptual peg hypothesis specifically explains how visual imagery creates mental hooks that enhance memory recall.
Option a is incorrect because maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition without creating meaningful connections between items through imagery.
Option c is incorrect because the phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information, not visual imagery connections between words.
Option d is incorrect because serial position effect relates to remembering items based on their position in a list, not imagery.

Correct Answer: Incubation effect phenomenon

Option c is correct because incubation describes how taking breaks from a problem allows unconscious processing that often leads to insights.
Option a is incorrect because functional fixation refers to the inability to see alternative uses for objects, hindering problem-solving progress.
Option b is incorrect because analogical transfer involves applying solutions from similar problems, not taking breaks from problem-solving.
Option d is incorrect because mental set refers to approaching problems with predetermined methods that may prevent finding solutions.

Correct Answer: Double dissociation phenomenon

Option b is correct because double dissociation shows that different brain areas specialize in different memory types, allowing selective impairment.
Option a is incorrect because encoding specificity relates to how retrieval context matching encoding context improves recall, not selective impairment.
Option c is incorrect because proactive interference occurs when old memories interfere with forming new memories across all types.
Option d is incorrect because consolidation failure would affect all types of new memory formation, not selectively spare procedural memory.

Correct Answer: Transitional probability analysis

Option b is correct because transitional probabilities help listeners segment continuous speech by tracking likelihood of sound sequences.
Option a is incorrect because semantic coding involves processing meaning of words, not identifying boundaries between words in speech.
Option c is incorrect because lexical frequency affects recognition speed of familiar words, not boundary detection in speech.
Option d is incorrect because syntactic coordination involves matching grammatical structures in conversation, not identifying word boundaries.

Correct Answer: Based on physical characteristics

Option c is correct because Broadbent's model filters information early based on physical features before semantic processing occurs.
Option a is incorrect because filtering after semantic analysis would be late selection, not early selection as Broadbent proposed.
Option b is incorrect because response selection occurs much later in processing, after attention has already filtered information.
Option d is incorrect because memory retrieval happens after attentional filtering, not as the basis for filtering.

Correct Answer: Episodic versus semantic

Option b is correct because episodic memory stores personal experiences while semantic memory stores factual knowledge like capitals.
Option a is incorrect because both memories described are explicit conscious memories, not comparing implicit to explicit types.
Option c is incorrect because procedural memory involves skills and actions, while both examples are declarative knowledge memories.
Option d is incorrect because sensory and working memory are temporary stores, while both examples involve long-term memory.

Correct Answer: Availability heuristic effect

Option b is correct because the availability heuristic leads people to overestimate probability based on easily recalled examples.
Option a is incorrect because confirmation bias involves seeking information that confirms existing beliefs, not probability estimation from examples.
Option c is incorrect because base rate neglect involves ignoring statistical prevalence, though not specifically triggered by recent examples.
Option d is incorrect because conjunction rule violation involves believing combined events are more likely than individual events.

Correct Answer: Insight phenomenon occurrence

Option c is correct because Gestalt psychologists defined insight as the sudden mental reorganization leading to solution realization.
Option a is incorrect because algorithmic processing involves step-by-step procedures, not sudden realizations emphasized by Gestalt psychologists.
Option b is incorrect because means-end analysis is a gradual problem-solving strategy, not the sudden realization Gestaltists studied.
Option d is incorrect because systematic search involves methodical exploration of possibilities, contrary to sudden insight experiences.

Correct Answer: Rehearsal process engagement

Option b is correct because the modal model specifically identifies rehearsal as the key mechanism for long-term transfer.
Option a is incorrect because selective attention filters information entering short-term memory, not transfer to long-term storage.
Option c is incorrect because sensory registration occurs before short-term memory, not during transfer to long-term storage.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval practice strengthens existing memories rather than initially transferring them to storage.

Correct Answer: Baillargeon's infant research

Option b is correct because Baillargeon specifically researched infant understanding of object permanence through innovative experimental methods.
Option a is incorrect because Vygotsky focused on social interaction and zone of proximal development, not object permanence.
Option c is incorrect because Chomsky studied innate language acquisition capabilities, not object permanence in cognitive development.
Option d is incorrect because while Piaget discussed object permanence, Baillargeon is most associated with modern research on it.

Correct Answer: Helmholtz's unconscious inference

Option b is correct because Helmholtz proposed that perception involves unconscious assumptions and inferences about environmental stimuli.
Option a is incorrect because bottom-up processing is data-driven from sensory input, not based on unconscious assumptions.
Option c is incorrect because feature detection involves neurons responding to specific stimuli features, not making unconscious inferences.
Option d is incorrect because attentional warping describes how attention alters perception, not unconscious environmental assumptions.

Correct Answer: Reminiscence bump phenomenon

Option b is correct because the reminiscence bump specifically describes enhanced recall of memories from adolescence and early adulthood.
Option a is incorrect because childhood amnesia refers to the inability to recall very early childhood memories before age three.
Option c is incorrect because flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of significant emotional events, not age-related patterns.
Option d is incorrect because autobiographical consolidation is not a recognized term for this specific age-related memory phenomenon.

Correct Answer: Functional fixation constraint

Option b is correct because functional fixation prevents seeing alternative uses for objects, as demonstrated in Duncker's candle problem.
Option a is incorrect because analogical reasoning involves applying solutions from similar problems, not fixation on object functions.
Option c is incorrect because working memory overload involves capacity limitations, not inability to reconceptualize object uses.
Option d is incorrect because confirmation bias involves seeking supporting evidence for beliefs, not object use limitations.

Correct Answer: Visuospatial sketchpad component

Option c is correct because the visuospatial sketchpad specifically handles visual and spatial information in working memory.
Option a is incorrect because the episodic buffer integrates information from different sources, not specifically visual-spatial processing.
Option b is incorrect because the phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information, not visual and spatial data.
Option d is incorrect because the central executive coordinates overall working memory but doesn't specifically store visual-spatial information.

Correct Answer: Means-end analysis strategy

Option c is correct because Tower of Hanoi requires analyzing differences between current and goal states to plan moves.
Option a is incorrect because Tower of Hanoi involves systematic planning rather than sudden insight or reorganization of elements.
Option b is incorrect because analogical transfer involves applying solutions from different problems, not systematic state analysis.
Option d is incorrect because incubation involves taking breaks from problems, not the systematic planning Tower of Hanoi requires.

Correct Answer: Attenuation model proposal

Option b is correct because Treisman's attenuation model suggests unattended information is weakened but not completely blocked.
Option a is incorrect because early selection models cannot explain why meaningful unattended information like names breakthrough.
Option c is incorrect because load theory focuses on processing capacity and task demands, not breakthrough of unattended information.
Option d is incorrect because automatic processing explains practiced tasks, not selective breakthrough of personally relevant information.

Correct Answer: Prosopagnosia disorder presentation

Option b is correct because prosopagnosia specifically refers to the inability to recognize faces despite intact other abilities.
Option a is incorrect because Wernicke's aphasia affects language comprehension, not face recognition abilities in visual processing.
Option c is incorrect because Broca's aphasia impairs speech production, not the visual recognition of faces.
Option d is incorrect because hemispatial neglect involves ignoring one side of space, not specific face recognition impairment.

Correct Answer: Semantic meaning processing

Option c is correct because deep semantic processing of meaning creates more elaborate memory traces than surface features.
Option a is incorrect because acoustic analysis focuses on sound properties, representing shallower processing than semantic meaning.
Option b is incorrect because visual encoding of physical features represents intermediate processing, less effective than semantic.
Option d is incorrect because maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition without deep processing of meaning or connections.

Correct Answer: Information processing parallels

Option b is correct because Newell and Simon showed parallels between computer and human information processing in problem-solving.
Option a is incorrect because their work focused on logical problem-solving and reasoning, not emotional processing systems.
Option c is incorrect because they studied problem-solving strategies and reasoning, not sensory memory capacity limitations.
Option d is incorrect because they developed symbolic AI programs, not neural network models of brain function.

Correct Answer: Dichotic listening tasks

Option b is correct because Cherry used dichotic listening where different messages are presented to each ear simultaneously.
Option a is incorrect because visual search involves finding targets among distractors visually, not auditory selective attention.
Option c is incorrect because Stroop effect tests automatic versus controlled processing with color-word interference, not auditory selection.
Option d is incorrect because flanker tasks measure response competition from surrounding stimuli, not auditory selective attention.