D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 2 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Shared neural substrate

Option b is correct because overlapping brain activation demonstrates that imagery and perception share common neural mechanisms and pathways.
Option a is incorrect because propositional coding suggests abstract symbolic representations, not shared neural activation with perception.
Option c is incorrect because symbolic models propose abstract representations rather than shared perceptual-imagery neural systems.
Option d is incorrect because abstract thought frameworks don't predict the specific neural overlap between imagery and perception.

Correct Answer: Maintenance versus elaborative

Option b is correct because maintenance rehearsal involves simple repetition while elaborative rehearsal creates meaningful connections between items.
Option a is incorrect because both involve processing meaning beyond sensory level, differing in depth of processing.
Option c is incorrect because both are conscious explicit strategies, not comparing unconscious to conscious memory processes.
Option d is incorrect because both involve deliberate memorization strategies, not different memory system types.

Correct Answer: Cognitive maps existence

Option b is correct because Tolman's rats formed internal cognitive maps of mazes, demonstrating mental representations without reinforcement.
Option a is incorrect because the experiments revealed cognition beyond conditioning, not just limits of operant conditioning.
Option c is incorrect because the studies demonstrated cognitive representations, not failures of classical conditioning paradigms.
Option d is incorrect because the key finding was learning without reinforcement, not effects of different reinforcement schedules.

Correct Answer: Phonological loop capacity

Option b is correct because longer words take more time to rehearse in the phonological loop, reducing capacity.
Option a is incorrect because the effect involves rehearsal time in verbal storage, not semantic meaning processing.
Option c is incorrect because word length affects verbal rehearsal, not visual imagery storage or processing.
Option d is incorrect because the effect demonstrates storage limitations, not executive control or coordination functions.

Correct Answer: Wernicke's area region

Option b is correct because Wernicke's area damage causes fluent but meaningless speech with comprehension deficits.
Option a is incorrect because Broca's area damage causes effortful, telegraphic speech with preserved comprehension abilities.
Option c is incorrect because motor cortex damage affects movement control, not language comprehension or meaningful speech.
Option d is incorrect because prefrontal damage affects executive functions and planning, not specific language comprehension deficits.

Correct Answer: Simplest structure preference

Option b is correct because garden path effects show readers initially adopt the simplest grammatical structure available.
Option a is incorrect because initial parsing follows structural simplicity, with semantic context considered later in processing.
Option c is incorrect because pragmatic inferences involve meaning interpretation, not the initial structural parsing choices.
Option d is incorrect because word frequency affects recognition speed, not the structural parsing preferences causing garden paths.

Correct Answer: Biological maturation basis

Option b is correct because Piaget viewed universal developmental stages as evidence for biologically-driven cognitive maturation processes.
Option a is incorrect because universal stages across cultures argue against social learning as the primary developmental mechanism.
Option c is incorrect because similar stages despite cultural differences suggests biology over cultural transmission drives development.
Option d is incorrect because universal patterns across varied environments contradicts environmental shaping as primary factor.

Correct Answer: False memory creation

Option b is correct because source monitoring failures allow imagined or suggested information to become false memories.
Option a is incorrect because serial position involves order effects in lists, not confusion about information sources.
Option c is incorrect because proactive interference involves old memories disrupting new learning, not source attribution errors.
Option d is incorrect because encoding failure prevents memory formation entirely, while source errors involve existing memories.

Correct Answer: Figure-ground organization rule

Option a is correct because figure-ground organization forces choosing one interpretation as figure, preventing simultaneous dual perception.
Option b is incorrect because proximity involves grouping nearby elements, not alternating between whole figure interpretations.
Option c is incorrect because good continuation involves perceiving smooth paths, not alternating between ambiguous interpretations.
Option d is incorrect because similarity groups like elements together, not the figure-ground alternation in ambiguous figures.

Correct Answer: Multiple retrieval routes

Option b is correct because dual coding creates two independent retrieval pathways, increasing successful recall probability.
Option a is incorrect because dual coding adds information rather than reducing interference between memory traces.
Option c is incorrect because the benefit comes from multiple codes, not additional time spent rehearsing information.
Option d is incorrect because dual coding actually increases encoding complexity by creating two representations, not simplifying.

Correct Answer: Broadbent's filter model

Option b is correct because Broadbent's early filter shouldn't allow unattended meaningful information to be processed.
Option a is incorrect because late selection models can easily explain meaningful information breaking through after analysis.
Option c is incorrect because capacity theories can accommodate breakthrough of highly significant information within limits.
Option d is incorrect because load theory explains breakthrough based on available capacity, accommodating the cocktail party effect.

Correct Answer: Operate without awareness

Option c is correct because automatic processes run without conscious awareness once developed through extensive practice.
Option a is incorrect because automatic processes specifically don't require conscious monitoring, operating independently once established.
Option b is incorrect because automatic processes don't demand attention, freeing resources for other cognitive tasks.
Option d is incorrect because automatic processes operate independently without executive control once they're fully developed.

Correct Answer: Object permanence concept

Option b is correct because Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation paradigm revealed infants' understanding of object permanence principles.
Option a is incorrect because face recognition studies use different methods, not the impossible event paradigm Baillargeon developed.
Option c is incorrect because language discrimination uses sucking rate or head turn preferences, not impossible event looking times.
Option d is incorrect because social preferences use choice paradigms, not the violation-of-expectation method for object understanding.

Correct Answer: Temporarily modifiable conditions

Option b is correct because Nader showed retrieved memories enter a labile state requiring reconsolidation to restabilize.
Option a is incorrect because retrieval makes memories temporarily fragile and modifiable, not permanently strengthened immediately.
Option c is incorrect because the research showed memories become changeable when retrieved, not fixed accurate records.
Option d is incorrect because reconsolidation involves conscious retrieval making memories modifiable, not unconscious accessibility changes.

Correct Answer: Word boundary identification

Option b is correct because detecting transitional probabilities between sounds helps infants segment continuous speech into words.
Option a is incorrect because statistical learning identifies word boundaries, not the grammatical rules governing word combinations.
Option c is incorrect because transitional probabilities reveal word boundaries, not the meanings of identified words.
Option d is incorrect because the studies showed boundary detection through statistics, not formation of phoneme categories.

Correct Answer: Elaborate connection formation

Option b is correct because self-reference creates rich elaborative connections to existing self-knowledge, enhancing memory.
Option a is incorrect because self-reference promotes deep elaborate processing, not shallow surface-level encoding.
Option c is incorrect because the benefit comes from richer encoding, not automatic retrieval process changes.
Option d is incorrect because self-referent processing requires more elaborate processing, not reduced cognitive load.

Correct Answer: Multi-store model approach

Option a is correct because levels of processing challenged the multi-store emphasis on separate stores over processing depth.
Option b is incorrect because spreading activation explains semantic network retrieval, not the challenge to structural models.
Option c is incorrect because reconstructive memory involves distortion and construction, not processing depth effects on retention.
Option d is incorrect because encoding specificity addresses context effects, not the depth of processing challenge.

Correct Answer: Sequential processing levels

Option b is correct because faster physical matches show that physical analysis occurs before name-level semantic processing.
Option a is incorrect because the results demonstrate sequential stages, with physical processing preceding semantic analysis.
Option c is incorrect because the task reveals processing stages, not automatic versus controlled response mechanisms.
Option d is incorrect because the findings show mandatory sequential stages, not controlled decision-making processes.

Correct Answer: Focused attention allocation

Option b is correct because change blindness shows that without focused attention, large changes go undetected.
Option a is incorrect because sensory memory exists but changes still go unnoticed without attentional focus.
Option c is incorrect because pattern recognition abilities are intact; the limitation is attention, not recognition capacity.
Option d is incorrect because change blindness occurs despite normal visual acuity when attention isn't properly allocated.

Correct Answer: Interpreter function presence

Option b is correct because Gazzaniga identified the left hemisphere's interpreter function that creates coherent explanations for behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because while showing specialization, the key finding was the interpretive function, not just specialization.
Option c is incorrect because the studies revealed the interpreter after corpus callosum severance, not the callosum's role.
Option d is incorrect because the research demonstrated the interpreter function, not the developmental process of lateralization.