D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Syntactic coordination tendency

Option b is correct because syntactic coordination shows how speakers automatically align grammatical structures during natural conversation.
Option a is incorrect because the phenomenon involves structural alignment, not semantic network activation between speakers.
Option c is incorrect because coordination involves grammatical structures, not sharing phonological loop resources between individuals.
Option d is incorrect because syntactic alignment occurs automatically, not through conscious executive control matching.

Correct Answer: Encoding specificity matching

Option a is correct because encoding specificity shows retrieval improves when the testing context matches learning context.
Option b is incorrect because the issue involves context matching, not the type of rehearsal used during studying.
Option c is incorrect because the problem is environmental context mismatch, not how information was semantically organized.
Option d is incorrect because the effect involves location context, not the distribution of practice sessions.

Correct Answer: More information exists

Option b is correct because partial report showed more information is initially available than whole report suggests.
Option a is incorrect because partial report revealed sensory storage capacity, not attention limitations on perception.
Option c is incorrect because partial report demonstrated initial availability, with decay occurring after stimulus offset.
Option d is incorrect because the finding concerned storage capacity, not processing time requirements for perception.

Correct Answer: Structuralist analysis approach

Option b is correct because Wundt's structuralism sought to identify basic elements of conscious experience through introspection.
Option a is incorrect because functionalism focused on mental processes' adaptive purposes, not breaking them into elements.
Option c is incorrect because behaviorism rejected introspection, focusing only on observable behaviors, unlike Wundt's approach.
Option d is incorrect because Gestalt psychology emphasized wholes over parts, opposing Wundt's elemental analysis.

Correct Answer: Procedural memory system

Option b is correct because intact procedural memory allows skill learning despite episodic memory impairment.
Option a is incorrect because semantic memory involves facts and concepts, not the motor skills these patients learn.
Option c is incorrect because working memory is temporary storage, not the system supporting long-term skill acquisition.
Option d is incorrect because sensory storage is brief perceptual memory, not the system for skill learning.

Correct Answer: Language acquisition device

Option b is correct because Chomsky proposed an innate language acquisition device containing universal grammar principles.
Option a is incorrect because Chomsky emphasized biological endowment over social learning mechanisms for language acquisition.
Option c is incorrect because Chomsky proposed language-specific mechanisms, not general intelligence explaining acquisition.
Option d is incorrect because Chomsky's theory involved innate grammatical knowledge, not superior auditory processing abilities.

Correct Answer: Multimodal integration process

Option b is correct because the McGurk effect shows visual and auditory information integrate during speech perception.
Option a is incorrect because the effect shows visual influence on hearing, not auditory dominance over other senses.
Option c is incorrect because visual information influences but doesn't capture or override auditory perception entirely.
Option d is incorrect because the effect demonstrates integration across senses, not filtering within phonological processing.

Correct Answer: Representational restructuring ability

Option b is correct because overcoming functional fixedness requires restructuring mental representations of objects' potential uses.
Option a is incorrect because the solution requires reconceptualization, not searching memory for more information.
Option c is incorrect because breaking fixedness needs restructuring representations, not simply processing information faster.
Option d is incorrect because the barrier involves conceptual rigidity, not insufficient attention to problem elements.

Correct Answer: Culturally expected milestones

Option b is correct because cultural life script hypothesis emphasizes culturally shared expectations about important life events' timing.
Option a is incorrect because cultural life script focuses on social expectations, not biological brain development.
Option c is incorrect because the hypothesis emphasizes cultural scripts, not emotional intensity of youth experiences.
Option d is incorrect because identity formation is a different explanation from culturally scripted event expectations.

Correct Answer: Limited processing resources

Option b is correct because driving impairments show attention has limited resources that phone conversations consume.
Option a is incorrect because impairments demonstrate capacity limits, not unlimited ability to process sensory information.
Option c is incorrect because automatic filtering would prevent interference, but phone conversations still impair driving.
Option d is incorrect because interference shows limits to parallel processing when tasks compete for resources.

Correct Answer: Accessibility versus availability

Option b is correct because tip-of-the-tongue shows information can be available in memory but temporarily inaccessible.
Option a is incorrect because the phenomenon demonstrates that stored information isn't always retrievable on demand.
Option c is incorrect because tip-of-the-tongue involves retrieval failure despite successful encoding and storage.
Option d is incorrect because the phenomenon occurs even with well-rehearsed information, showing retrieval complexity.

Correct Answer: Tacit knowledge expectations

Option b is correct because Pylyshyn argued participants use knowledge about how perception works, not genuine imagery.
Option a is incorrect because Pylyshyn specifically argued against imagery using actual perceptual mechanisms.
Option c is incorrect because his critique involved tacit knowledge, not claims about spatial memory systems.
Option d is incorrect because Pylyshyn's argument concerned propositional knowledge, not motor planning involvement.

Correct Answer: Violation of expectations

Option b is correct because longer looking at impossible events indicates babies' expectations about physics are violated.
Option a is incorrect because the method assesses cognitive understanding of physics, not visual acuity development.
Option c is incorrect because looking time reveals expectation violations, not memory span for object information.
Option d is incorrect because differential looking shows cognitive understanding, not general attention duration capacity.

Correct Answer: Rigid solution persistence

Option b is correct because mental set causes people to persist with familiar solutions even when simpler ones exist.
Option a is incorrect because mental set reduces creativity by causing fixation on previously successful methods.
Option c is incorrect because mental set creates systematic persistence, not random switching between solution strategies.
Option d is incorrect because mental set can increase errors by preventing recognition of better solutions.

Correct Answer: Wundt's structural analysis

Option b is correct because James's stream metaphor opposed Wundt's structuralist analysis into discrete conscious elements.
Option a is incorrect because behaviorism came later and rejected studying consciousness entirely, unlike James's approach.
Option c is incorrect because Gestalt psychology also emphasized unified wholes, similar to James's continuous stream.
Option d is incorrect because James founded functionalism, so his stream concept supported rather than contrasted it.

Correct Answer: Self-referential thinking processes

Option b is correct because default mode network activates during internally-directed, self-referential cognitive processes.
Option a is incorrect because the network decreases activity during external sensory processing, not supporting it.
Option c is incorrect because it's active during rest, not motor preparation requiring external action readiness.
Option d is incorrect because executive control involves different networks active during demanding external tasks.

Correct Answer: Serial and additive

Option b is correct because Donders's subtraction method assumed mental processes occur sequentially and add together.
Option a is incorrect because parallel interactive processing would invalidate the subtraction method's serial assumptions.
Option c is incorrect because Donders studied conscious decision-making, not automatic unconscious processes.
Option d is incorrect because the method assumed fixed, measurable stages, not flexible adaptive processing.

Correct Answer: Culturally familiar versions

Option b is correct because Bartlett showed people transform unfamiliar stories to fit their cultural schemas.
Option a is incorrect because stories were remembered but transformed, not completely forgotten over time.
Option c is incorrect because Bartlett's key finding was systematic distortion, not literal preservation of stories.
Option d is incorrect because changes were systematically toward familiar schemas, not random alterations.

Correct Answer: Semantic distance traveled

Option b is correct because the model predicted longer verification times for properties requiring more hierarchical steps.
Option a is incorrect because the original model emphasized structural distance, not concept familiarity effects.
Option c is incorrect because the model focused on semantic structure, not word frequency in language.
Option d is incorrect because the model proposed universal hierarchical organization, not personal experience effects.

Correct Answer: Systematically inaccurate sometimes

Option b is correct because metacognitive illusions show monitoring can be systematically biased, overestimating comprehension.
Option a is incorrect because metacognitive illusions prove monitoring isn't always accurate, despite subjective confidence.
Option c is incorrect because illusions are systematic and predictable, not random metacognitive errors.
Option d is incorrect because illusions occur naturally during learning, not only through deliberate manipulation.