D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 4 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Prefrontal cortex functioning

Option b is correct because executive control and sustained attention depend heavily on prefrontal cortex functioning.
Option a is incorrect because sensory processing remains relatively intact during sleep deprivation compared to executive functions.
Option c is incorrect because motor coordination shows less impairment than executive control under sleep deprivation.
Option d is incorrect because language comprehension is less affected than prefrontal-dependent executive functions.

Correct Answer: Serial search patterns

Option b is correct because conjunction searches require serial attention to bind features, increasing search time.
Option a is incorrect because pop-out occurs for single features, not conjunctions requiring attentional binding.
Option c is incorrect because conjunction searches show serial, not parallel, processing requiring focused attention.
Option d is incorrect because conjunctions require controlled attention for binding, not automatic detection.

Correct Answer: Understanding others' actions

Option b is correct because mirror neurons may enable action understanding through neural simulation of observed behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because mirror neurons involve action representation, not specifically syntactic language processing.
Option c is incorrect because mirror neurons respond to actions, not general visual pattern recognition.
Option d is incorrect because mirror neurons involve action mirroring, not memory consolidation processes.

Correct Answer: Distinctiveness and contrast

Option b is correct because the isolation effect shows distinctive items create stronger memory traces.
Option a is incorrect because the effect involves distinctiveness, not increased repetition of isolated items.
Option c is incorrect because isolation effects occur through distinctiveness, not semantic organizational structure.
Option d is incorrect because the effect requires contrast, with similarity actually reducing memorability.

Correct Answer: Emotional familiarity response

Option b is correct because Capgras involves intact recognition but absent emotional familiarity response.
Option a is incorrect because semantic knowledge is preserved; the missing component is emotional familiarity.
Option c is incorrect because the deficit involves automatic emotional response, not executive verification.
Option d is incorrect because attention is normal; the impairment affects emotional familiarity processing.

Correct Answer: Domain-specific knowledge structures

Option b is correct because typists use word knowledge to create meaningful chunks, improving memory.
Option a is incorrect because the advantage involves linguistic knowledge, not visual pattern matching ability.
Option c is incorrect because the effect is expertise-specific, not related to general intelligence.
Option d is incorrect because the benefit comes from knowledge structures, not motor skill alone.

Correct Answer: Potentially interconnected networks

Option b is correct because synesthesia reveals potential cross-connections between supposedly separate sensory systems.
Option a is incorrect because synesthesia demonstrates sensory systems aren't completely independent but can interact.
Option c is incorrect because synesthesia shows lateral connections between senses, not just hierarchical organization.
Option d is incorrect because synesthetic experiences are consistent and systematic, not random activations.

Correct Answer: Temporal attention resources

Option b is correct because attentional blink shows temporal limitations in allocating attention for conscious detection.
Option a is incorrect because stimuli are presented adequately; the limitation is attentional, not sensory.
Option c is incorrect because the blink involves temporal, not spatial, attention limitations.
Option d is incorrect because the deficit involves attention for consciousness, not memory storage capacity.

Correct Answer: Motivation for consistency

Option b is correct because cognitive dissonance shows people are motivated to maintain consistent beliefs.
Option a is incorrect because dissonance reduction often violates logic to maintain psychological consistency.
Option c is incorrect because dissonance creates systematic, not random, patterns of belief change.
Option d is incorrect because dissonance involves internal belief conflicts, not sensory input quality.

Correct Answer: Multiple independent capacities

Option b is correct because savant abilities show specific capacities can be preserved or enhanced independently.
Option a is incorrect because savant syndrome demonstrates fractionation, not a single general intelligence factor.
Option c is incorrect because selective preservation suggests independence, not unified hierarchical structure.
Option d is incorrect because savant abilities are systematically enhanced in specific domains, not randomly distributed.

Correct Answer: Physical characteristics primarily

Option b is correct because shadowing studies showed unattended messages are processed mainly for physical features.
Option a is incorrect because semantic meaning of unattended messages is largely not processed consciously.
Option c is incorrect because grammatical structure of unattended messages isn't fully analyzed without attention.
Option d is incorrect because unattended processing isn't exclusively emotional but includes basic physical features.

Correct Answer: Fixed consolidation theory

Option b is correct because reconsolidation shows memories aren't permanently fixed after initial consolidation.
Option a is incorrect because reconsolidation doesn't challenge encoding specificity but rather storage permanence.
Option c is incorrect because reconsolidation explains rather than challenges retrieval practice benefits.
Option d is incorrect because reconsolidation involves storage mutability, not challenging distributed storage.

Correct Answer: Subtle modulatory influence

Option b is correct because research shows language subtly influences but doesn't determine color perception.
Option a is incorrect because studies reveal influence rather than complete determination of thought by language.
Option c is incorrect because measurable effects of language on perception have been consistently demonstrated.
Option d is incorrect because language effects are systematic and predictable, not random variations.

Correct Answer: Centration on appearance

Option b is correct because children center on perceptual appearance, missing underlying quantity conservation.
Option a is incorrect because conservation failures reflect reasoning, not memory capacity limitations.
Option c is incorrect because conservation involves logical thinking, not language development delays.
Option d is incorrect because conservation is a cognitive limitation, not motor skill immaturity.

Correct Answer: Conscious awareness present

Option b is correct because masked priming shows word processing begins without conscious prime awareness.
Option a is incorrect because sensory registration must occur for priming, though below consciousness threshold.
Option c is incorrect because priming requires memory activation, just without conscious awareness.
Option d is incorrect because priming involves perceptual/semantic processing, occurring before motor preparation.

Correct Answer: Arbitrary starting points

Option b is correct because anchoring shows even random initial values systematically bias subsequent judgments.
Option a is incorrect because anchoring occurs with irrelevant anchors, not from accuracy needs.
Option c is incorrect because anchoring violates logical reasoning, showing arbitrary influence effects.
Option d is incorrect because anchoring involves judgment biasing, not memory retrieval failures.

Correct Answer: Subcortical visual routes

Option b is correct because blindsight demonstrates subcortical pathways enable vision without cortical awareness.
Option a is incorrect because blindsight involves visual processing, not substitution through auditory channels.
Option c is incorrect because responses are visually guided, not converted through tactile systems.
Option d is incorrect because blindsight involves online visual processing, not memory reconstruction.

Correct Answer: Narrative structure coherent

Option b is correct because infantile amnesia may result from lacking narrative framework for organizing memories.
Option a is incorrect because early experiences can be highly emotional yet still aren't remembered.
Option c is incorrect because young children have rich sensory experiences that aren't later recalled.
Option d is incorrect because socially important early events still fall within infantile amnesia period.

Correct Answer: Semantic network activation

Option b is correct because false memories arise from activation spreading through semantic associations.
Option a is incorrect because false memories are systematically related, not random noise intrusions.
Option c is incorrect because false memories occur with clear presentation, not perceptual degradation.
Option d is incorrect because false memories result from semantic activation, not attention lapses.

Correct Answer: Self-initiated retrieval timing

Option b is correct because prospective memory requires self-initiated retrieval at appropriate future moments.
Option a is incorrect because both memory types require encoding, not unique to prospective memory.
Option c is incorrect because prospective memory often lacks external cues, requiring self-initiation.
Option d is incorrect because rehearsal strategies apply to both prospective and retrospective memory.