D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 5 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Memory availability ease

Option b is correct because availability heuristic makes people judge frequency by how easily examples come to mind.
Option a is incorrect because the bias involves recall ease, not seeking confirming evidence specifically.
Option c is incorrect because the heuristic bypasses logical analysis in favor of memory accessibility.
Option d is incorrect because people use recall ease rather than statistical calculations for estimates.

Correct Answer: Structured pattern recognition

Option b is correct because chess expertise involves recognizing meaningful patterns, not improving general memory abilities.
Option a is incorrect because the advantage is specific to meaningful positions, not general memory improvement.
Option c is incorrect because experts excel with structured, not random, chess information.
Option d is incorrect because the advantage involves pattern recognition, not enhanced visual acuity.

Correct Answer: Automatically despite irrelevance

Option b is correct because spatial information is processed automatically even when task-irrelevant, causing interference.
Option a is incorrect because the Simon effect shows spatial processing occurs even when irrelevant.
Option c is incorrect because the interference occurs automatically, not through conscious decision-making.
Option d is incorrect because spatial processing occurs early, creating interference before response selection.

Correct Answer: Mental time travel

Option b is correct because episodic memory enables mental time travel to both past and imagined future.
Option a is incorrect because episodic memory supports future thinking, not just past recording.
Option c is incorrect because episodic memory involves personal experiences, with semantic memory storing facts.
Option d is incorrect because procedural memory maintains skills, while episodic enables time travel.

Correct Answer: Stronger memory traces

Option b is correct because frequently encountered words develop stronger, more accessible memory representations.
Option a is incorrect because frequency effects occur independent of words' semantic richness or meaning.
Option c is incorrect because frequency advantages exist regardless of phonological complexity.
Option d is incorrect because frequency effects involve memory strength, not visual distinctiveness.

Correct Answer: Efficient environment exploration

Option b is correct because inhibition of return promotes exploring new locations rather than perseverating.
Option a is incorrect because the mechanism facilitates search efficiency, not memory consolidation.
Option c is incorrect because it involves attention control, not preventing sensory adaptation.
Option d is incorrect because it actually slows responses to promote exploration, not enhancement.

Correct Answer: Language structure understanding

Option b is correct because statistical learning helps infants discover language patterns like word boundaries.
Option a is incorrect because statistical learning primarily supports language, not motor development.
Option c is incorrect because the mechanism extracts structural patterns, not emotional regulation.
Option d is incorrect because statistical learning involves pattern detection, not social bonding.

Correct Answer: Integration of multiple sources

Option b is correct because anosognosia shows self-awareness requires integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive information.
Option a is incorrect because patients receive sensory input but fail to integrate it into awareness.
Option c is incorrect because the deficit involves current awareness integration, not just memory retrieval.
Option d is incorrect because denial occurs regardless of language abilities, indicating integration failure.

Correct Answer: Longer sensory persistence

Option b is correct because auditory traces persist longer in echoic memory than visual in iconic memory.
Option a is incorrect because the advantage involves persistence duration, not processing speed.
Option c is incorrect because the effect involves sensory persistence, not semantic depth.
Option d is incorrect because the benefit comes from extended persistence, not reduced interference.

Correct Answer: Regret and rumination

Option b is correct because repeatedly imagining better alternatives can increase regret and maladaptive rumination.
Option a is incorrect because counterfactual thinking often distorts rather than improves memory.
Option c is incorrect because excessive counterfactual thinking can impair rather than enhance problem-solving.
Option d is incorrect because rumination from counterfactuals typically impairs attention focusing.

Correct Answer: Distinctively encoded mentally

Option b is correct because bizarre information creates distinctive memory traces that facilitate retrieval.
Option a is incorrect because bizarreness creates distinctiveness independent of semantic richness.
Option c is incorrect because the effect occurs without additional rehearsal of bizarre items.
Option d is incorrect because bizarre items can be positive or neutral, not necessarily negative.

Correct Answer: Germane learning processes

Option b is correct because reducing extraneous load frees capacity for germane load supporting schema construction.
Option a is incorrect because cognitive load involves working memory, not sensory processing enhancement.
Option c is incorrect because the theory addresses cognitive learning, not motor skill development.
Option d is incorrect because cognitive load theory focuses on learning, not emotional regulation.

Correct Answer: External retrieval cues

Option b is correct because time-based tasks lack external cues, requiring self-initiated time monitoring.
Option a is incorrect because time-based tasks can have semantic meaning but still lack cues.
Option c is incorrect because emotional significance doesn't eliminate the difficulty of time monitoring.
Option d is incorrect because the challenge is temporal monitoring, not motor response requirements.

Correct Answer: Varied encoding contexts

Option b is correct because longer spacing creates more varied contexts, enriching memory traces.
Option a is incorrect because spacing interrupts rather than enables continuous rehearsal.
Option c is incorrect because spaced practice often requires more effort than massed practice.
Option d is incorrect because the benefit comes from context variation, not feedback provision.

Correct Answer: Specialized detection ability

Option b is correct because perceptual learning develops specialized abilities for specific stimulus discriminations.
Option a is incorrect because expertise involves learned discrimination, not improved basic visual acuity.
Option c is incorrect because perceptual learning is domain-specific, not general intelligence enhancement.
Option d is incorrect because the improvement involves perceptual discrimination, not memory capacity.

Correct Answer: Elaborative encoding time

Option b is correct because rapid presentation prevents elaborative dual coding that gives pictures their advantage.
Option a is incorrect because picture superiority involves visual and verbal codes, not exclusively verbal.
Option c is incorrect because the advantage involves dual coding, not motor imagery activation.
Option d is incorrect because picture superiority occurs for neutral images, not requiring emotional processing.

Correct Answer: Biased mental models

Option b is correct because systematic prediction errors reveal biased models of how emotions work.
Option a is incorrect because poor predictions show simulation isn't accurate for future emotions.
Option c is incorrect because errors are systematic and predictable, not random guessing.
Option d is incorrect because the problem involves prediction biases, not memory retrieval.

Correct Answer: Acoustic similarity matching

Option b is correct because voice-specific suffix effects show recency depends on acoustic similarity.
Option a is incorrect because the effect involves acoustic features, not semantic processing depth.
Option c is incorrect because suffix effects involve auditory presentation, not visual imagery.
Option d is incorrect because the effect involves acoustic interference, not motor rehearsal.

Correct Answer: Modality-specific pools

Option b is correct because reduced cross-modal interference suggests partially separate attentional resources by modality.
Option a is incorrect because modality effects occur independent of difficulty level matching.
Option c is incorrect because the benefit involves modality separation, not temporal sequencing.
Option d is incorrect because attention pools are organized by modality, not emotional valence.

Correct Answer: Active processing engagement

Option b is correct because benefits occur even with minimal generation, suggesting active processing is key.
Option a is incorrect because fragment completion requires minimal semantic elaboration yet still benefits memory.
Option c is incorrect because generation effects occur even controlling for time.
Option d is incorrect because generation effects occur in isolation, not requiring social interaction.