D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 1 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Semanticization of memories

Option b is correct because semanticization describes how episodic memories gradually transform into semantic knowledge over time.
Option a is incorrect because reconsolidation involves memories becoming modifiable when retrieved, not transformation to semantic form.
Option c is incorrect because retrieval-induced forgetting involves inhibition of related memories during selective retrieval.
Option d is incorrect because encoding specificity relates to context-dependent retrieval, not memory transformation over time.

Correct Answer: Feature detector cells

Option b is correct because Hubel and Wiesel identified feature detectors as neurons responding to specific visual features.
Option a is incorrect because mirror neurons respond to both performing and observing actions, not detecting visual features.
Option c is incorrect because default mode network involves brain regions active during rest, not specific visual feature detection.
Option d is incorrect because executive control regions manage attention and decision-making, not basic visual feature processing.

Correct Answer: Falsification principle testing

Option b is correct because the Wason task shows people fail to seek evidence that could falsify their hypothesis.
Option a is incorrect because while related, the task specifically tests falsification ability, not just confirmation bias broadly.
Option c is incorrect because availability heuristic involves probability judgments based on recall ease, not hypothesis testing.
Option d is incorrect because representativeness involves judging probability by similarity to prototypes, not logical hypothesis testing.

Correct Answer: Zone of proximal development

Option b is correct because Vygotsky's zone of proximal development describes the gap between independent and assisted performance.
Option a is incorrect because critical periods refer to optimal timing for certain developments, not assisted learning zones.
Option c is incorrect because scaffolding is the support provided within the zone, not the zone itself Vygotsky described.
Option d is incorrect because social learning plateau is not Vygotsky's term for the optimal assisted learning space.

Correct Answer: Reconsolidation phenomenon cycle

Option b is correct because reconsolidation describes how retrieved memories become temporarily modifiable before re-stabilizing.
Option a is incorrect because systems consolidation involves gradual transfer from hippocampus to cortex, not retrieval modification.
Option c is incorrect because encoding specificity relates to context-matching improving retrieval, not post-retrieval modification.
Option d is incorrect because retrieval practice strengthens memories through testing, not making them temporarily fragile.

Correct Answer: Mental chronometry validity

Option b is correct because mental chronometry uses reaction times to study mental processes like spatial rotation.
Option a is incorrect because the experiments demonstrated spatial rather than verbal processing of rotated three-dimensional objects.
Option c is incorrect because the task involved spatial rotation timing, not semantic meaning processing speed.
Option d is incorrect because phonological loop processes verbal information, while mental rotation involves spatial processing.

Correct Answer: Constructive nature property

Option a is correct because the misinformation effect shows memory is actively constructed and susceptible to distortion.
Option b is incorrect because primacy effect involves better recall of early list items, not post-event information effects.
Option c is incorrect because consolidation failure would prevent memory formation, not alter existing memories with misinformation.
Option d is incorrect because misinformation affects explicit conscious memories, not implicit unconscious memory processes.

Correct Answer: Fluid intelligence ability

Option b is correct because fluid intelligence involves solving novel problems and declines with age unlike crystallized intelligence.
Option a is incorrect because emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing emotions, not the direct contrast to crystallized.
Option c is incorrect because social intelligence involves interpersonal skills, not the cognitive contrast to accumulated knowledge.
Option d is incorrect because creative intelligence involves generating novel ideas, not the specific age-related contrast described.

Correct Answer: Biased dominance pattern

Option b is correct because biased dominance occurs when one meaning of an ambiguous word is significantly more common.
Option a is incorrect because semantic priming involves faster processing of related words, not dominance of word meanings.
Option c is incorrect because lexical frequency refers to how often words appear generally, not meaning dominance patterns.
Option d is incorrect because syntactic ambiguity involves sentence structure interpretation, not word meaning dominance.

Correct Answer: Visual system development

Option b is correct because Blakemore and Cooper showed how visual experience shapes neural development in kittens.
Option a is incorrect because their experiments focused on visual development, not language acquisition critical periods.
Option c is incorrect because they studied visual cortex development through selective rearing, not motor skill acquisition.
Option d is incorrect because their work demonstrated experience-shaping neural circuits, not memory consolidation processes.

Correct Answer: Retrieval practice method

Option b is correct because retrieval practice directly implements the testing effect by actively recalling information.
Option a is incorrect because massed practice involves concentrated study sessions, not the active retrieval testing effect describes.
Option c is incorrect because elaborative rehearsal creates meaningful connections, different from retrieval-based testing effect.
Option d is incorrect because distributed learning involves spacing study sessions, not specifically the retrieval testing effect.

Correct Answer: Voluntary attention shifting

Option b is correct because Posner's paradigm shows how cues enable voluntary shifts of spatial attention.
Option a is incorrect because the paradigm studies directed attention to locations, not dividing attention between tasks.
Option c is incorrect because it examines controlled voluntary shifts, not automatic processing that occurs without intention.
Option d is incorrect because it measures attention shifting speed and accuracy, not how long attention is maintained.

Correct Answer: Universal grammar capability

Option b is correct because Chomsky proposed universal grammar as the innate biological capacity for language acquisition.
Option a is incorrect because critical period refers to optimal timing for language learning, not the innate capacity itself.
Option c is incorrect because social learning involves environmental instruction, contrary to Chomsky's emphasis on innate ability.
Option d is incorrect because while modular, Chomsky specifically termed the innate language capacity as universal grammar.

Correct Answer: Reduced irrelevant processing

Option b is correct because high perceptual load uses available capacity, leaving less for processing irrelevant information.
Option a is incorrect because high load decreases rather than increases the processing of distractor information.
Option c is incorrect because high load reduces ability to process multiple inputs, not enhancing divided attention.
Option d is incorrect because high perceptual load impairs rather than improves ability to handle multiple tasks.

Correct Answer: Primacy and recency

Option a is correct because primacy describes better recall of early items and recency describes better recall of recent items.
Option b is incorrect because proactive and retroactive describe types of interference, not position effects in lists.
Option c is incorrect because semantic and episodic are types of long-term memory, not serial position effects.
Option d is incorrect because explicit and implicit describe conscious versus unconscious memory, not position effects.

Correct Answer: Behavioral conditioning processes

Option b is correct because Little Albert demonstrated classical conditioning of fear responses central to behaviorism.
Option a is incorrect because the experiment studied conditioned responses, not stages of cognitive development in children.
Option c is incorrect because it demonstrated fear conditioning, not the emotional bonds studied in attachment theory.
Option d is incorrect because it showed direct conditioning rather than learning through observing others' experiences.

Correct Answer: Object-based attention selection

Option b is correct because Egly demonstrated that attention selects objects as units, not just spatial locations.
Option a is incorrect because feature integration involves binding features into objects, not attention shifting within objects.
Option c is incorrect because spotlight model emphasizes spatial location, while Egly showed object-based advantages.
Option d is incorrect because zoom lens describes attention's adjustable scope, not preferential processing within objects.

Correct Answer: Automatic versus controlled

Option b is correct because Stroop effect shows conflict between automatic word reading and controlled color naming.
Option a is incorrect because it demonstrates interference between processes, not limits of parallel processing capacity.
Option c is incorrect because the effect reveals automaticity conflicts, not working memory storage capacity limitations.
Option d is incorrect because it shows automatic process interference, not effects of perceptual load on attention.

Correct Answer: Iconic memory system

Option b is correct because iconic memory is the brief visual sensory store that Sperling's experiments revealed.
Option a is incorrect because echoic memory is the auditory sensory store, not the visual store Sperling studied.
Option c is incorrect because working memory is a longer-lasting store with limited capacity, not brief sensory storage.
Option d is incorrect because episodic buffer integrates information in working memory, not brief visual sensory storage.

Correct Answer: Framing effect phenomenon

Option b is correct because framing effect describes how presentation as gains versus losses influences decision-making.
Option a is incorrect because anchoring involves over-relying on first information received, not gain/loss presentation effects.
Option c is incorrect because hindsight bias involves believing past events were predictable, not presentation affecting choices.
Option d is incorrect because optimism bias is overestimating positive outcomes, not the effect of how options are framed.