D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 2 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Rehearsal process importance

Option b is correct because articulatory suppression prevents rehearsal, eliminating the phonological similarity effect's impact.
Option a is incorrect because suppression affects verbal rehearsal, not visual coding which remains available.
Option c is incorrect because the effect involves phonological features and rehearsal, not semantic meaning processing.
Option d is incorrect because suppression specifically blocks rehearsal, not general executive control functions.

Correct Answer: Processing mechanisms overlap

Option b is correct because unconscious influence of stimuli on imagery reveals shared processing mechanisms with perception.
Option a is incorrect because the influence occurred without conscious awareness, showing automatic mechanism sharing.
Option c is incorrect because the finding specifically demonstrates shared processing mechanisms, not just resource competition.
Option d is incorrect because the immediate influence shows shared processing, not memory storage system overlap.

Correct Answer: Solution path visibility

Option b is correct because meaningful representation makes the problem structure and solution path more apparent.
Option a is incorrect because reframing changes problem understanding, not the working memory load required.
Option c is incorrect because improvement came from clearer representation, not increased motivation from meaningful framing.
Option d is incorrect because better representation reveals solutions, not simply increasing processing speed.

Correct Answer: Schema-based expectations guidance

Option b is correct because inconsistent objects violating scene schemas capture attention, showing expectation-guided processing.
Option a is incorrect because the effect depends on scene context expectations, not just bottom-up feature detection.
Option c is incorrect because attention is guided by scene expectations, not random sampling of scene elements.
Option d is incorrect because schema violations capture attention immediately, not through serial exhaustive scene search.

Correct Answer: Varied encoding contexts

Option b is correct because distributed practice creates varied encoding contexts, enriching memory traces and retrieval cues.
Option a is incorrect because spacing actually interrupts continuous rehearsal, yet still improves memory retention.
Option c is incorrect because spacing doesn't necessarily reduce interference; it enhances encoding through context variation.
Option d is incorrect because the benefit comes from distribution pattern, not simply increased total time.

Correct Answer: After delay period

Option c is correct because misinformation has stronger effects when introduced after memory has weakened with time.
Option a is incorrect because immediate presentation allows discrimination between original and misleading information more easily.
Option b is incorrect because misinformation by definition comes after the event, not during initial encoding.
Option d is incorrect because while repetition matters, timing after delay is the critical factor for maximum effect.

Correct Answer: Weak influence exists

Option b is correct because research shows language has subtle influences on color discrimination, not complete determination.
Option a is incorrect because studies show influence but not complete determination of perception by language.
Option c is incorrect because research has found subtle but measurable influences of language on perception.
Option d is incorrect because the hypothesis concerns language influencing thought, and evidence supports weak influence.

Correct Answer: Incomplete model construction

Option b is correct because Johnson-Laird showed people often fail to construct all possible models of premises.
Option a is incorrect because errors stem from incomplete mental models, not ignorance of formal logical rules.
Option c is incorrect because the issue is failing to construct alternative models, not memory capacity per se.
Option d is incorrect because errors result from incomplete model sets, not failures in shifting attention.

Correct Answer: Reconstructive distortion happens

Option c is correct because flashbulb memories undergo reconstructive processes that maintain vividness while introducing inaccuracies.
Option a is incorrect because flashbulb memories are well-encoded initially; distortion occurs through reconstructive processes.
Option b is incorrect because retrieval occurs readily; the issue is accuracy despite confident, vivid recall.
Option d is incorrect because consolidation occurs, but reconstruction during repeated recall introduces distortions.

Correct Answer: Multi-modal binding process

Option b is correct because the episodic buffer binds information from different modalities into integrated episodes.
Option a is incorrect because the buffer integrates across modalities, not expanding phonological storage capacity.
Option c is incorrect because the buffer stores integrated information, not enhancing executive control functions.
Option d is incorrect because while connecting to long-term memory, its primary function is binding multi-modal information.

Correct Answer: Specialized neural mechanisms

Option b is correct because prosopagnosia reveals specialized face recognition mechanisms separate from general object processing.
Option a is incorrect because patients can recognize other objects normally, showing face-specific rather than general impairment.
Option c is incorrect because patients can analyze features but cannot integrate them for recognition.
Option d is incorrect because the deficit is in face perception mechanisms, not retrieving stored face memories.

Correct Answer: Automatic processing routines

Option b is correct because practice develops automatic processing that requires minimal attention, reducing dual-task interference.
Option a is incorrect because practice creates automaticity, not increased memory capacity for handling multiple tasks.
Option c is incorrect because improvement comes from automaticity reducing need for switching, not better switching ability.
Option d is incorrect because practice develops automatic processing, not enhanced sensory acuity for input detection.

Correct Answer: Novel experience frequency

Option c is correct because the cognitive hypothesis emphasizes that periods of many novel experiences create distinctive memories.
Option a is incorrect because while emotions matter, the cognitive hypothesis specifically emphasizes novelty and first experiences.
Option b is incorrect because identity formation is the self-image hypothesis, not the cognitive hypothesis explanation.
Option d is incorrect because the cognitive hypothesis focuses on experiential factors, not neural development timing.

Correct Answer: Unconscious priming effects

Option b is correct because implicit tests reveal priming effects that influence behavior without conscious memory awareness.
Option a is incorrect because implicit memory specifically operates without conscious retrieval of prior exposure.
Option c is incorrect because implicit memory effects occur automatically without deliberate strategy use.
Option d is incorrect because implicit memory operates without explicit recognition of prior exposure.

Correct Answer: Exhausts processing capacity

Option b is correct because high perceptual load uses available capacity, leaving none for processing irrelevant distractors.
Option a is incorrect because load effects result from capacity limitations, not motivational changes under different loads.
Option c is incorrect because reduced distractor processing results from capacity exhaustion, not enhanced selective focus.
Option d is incorrect because high load prevents distractor processing through capacity limits, not reduced response competition.

Correct Answer: Active processing engagement

Option b is correct because generation benefits occur even for simple completions, suggesting active processing enhances memory.
Option a is incorrect because benefits occur even without semantic elaboration, indicating a broader active processing effect.
Option c is incorrect because generation effects occur even when controlling for time, showing processing not duration matters.
Option d is incorrect because generation enhances memory through active processing, not by reducing interference.

Correct Answer: Base rate information

Option b is correct because representativeness causes people to ignore base rates, judging by similarity instead.
Option a is incorrect because representativeness involves prototype similarity, not evaluation of causal relationship strength.
Option c is incorrect because anchoring is a different heuristic involving over-reliance on initial information.
Option d is incorrect because availability is a different heuristic based on ease of recall, not prototype similarity.

Correct Answer: Acoustic sensory persistence

Option b is correct because speech suffixes interfere with acoustic traces supporting recency in immediate recall.
Option a is incorrect because recency involves sensory persistence, not depth of semantic processing.
Option c is incorrect because the suffix effect involves acoustic interference, not visual imagery processes.
Option d is incorrect because suffixes specifically interfere with sensory traces, not rehearsal loop capacity.

Correct Answer: Localization of function

Option b is correct because Wernicke's discovery showed specific brain regions serve specialized language comprehension functions.
Option a is incorrect because Wernicke's area involves language comprehension, not motor control of speech production.
Option c is incorrect because while showing left hemisphere language, the key contribution was functional localization.
Option d is incorrect because the discovery demonstrated functional specialization, not plasticity or recovery limits.

Correct Answer: Activated memory subset

Option b is correct because Cowan views working memory as attended, activated portions of long-term memory.
Option a is incorrect because Cowan's model doesn't propose separate storage, but activation within long-term memory.
Option c is incorrect because the model emphasizes activation and attention, not processing speed limitations.
Option d is incorrect because Cowan's view encompasses more than just rehearsal, including activated long-term memory.