D570 Cognitive Psychology - Set 3 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Extended processing time

Option b is correct because longer echoic memory allows integration of sequential auditory information over time.
Option a is incorrect because longer duration doesn't indicate less capacity, but different processing requirements.
Option c is incorrect because duration differences reflect sensory storage characteristics, not semantic processing depth.
Option d is incorrect because the difference involves automatic sensory persistence, not attention resource allocation.

Correct Answer: Semantic priming effect

Option b is correct because spreading activation explains why related words are recognized faster after priming.
Option a is incorrect because retroactive interference involves new learning disrupting old, not activation spreading.
Option c is incorrect because serial position effects involve list position, not semantic network activation.
Option d is incorrect because encoding specificity involves context matching, not automatic conceptual activation spreading.

Correct Answer: Encoding specificity principle

Option b is correct because mental reinstatement recreates encoding context to facilitate retrieval through context matching.
Option a is incorrect because reinstatement involves context recreation, not elaborative rehearsal of information.
Option c is incorrect because the technique uses context matching, not depth of processing manipulation.
Option d is incorrect because it specifically applies encoding context principles, not processing transfer appropriateness.

Correct Answer: Expertise creates specialization

Option b is correct because greeble expertise develops face-like processing, showing experience creates perceptual specialization.
Option a is incorrect because greeble findings suggest faces aren't uniquely special, but benefit from expertise.
Option c is incorrect because developing greeble expertise demonstrates visual processing flexibility through experience.
Option d is incorrect because greeble expertise must be learned, showing categories aren't innately specified.

Correct Answer: Active inhibition process

Option b is correct because negative priming reveals attention actively inhibits ignored information, slowing later processing.
Option a is incorrect because slowed processing of previously ignored items shows active suppression, not passive filtering.
Option c is incorrect because the effect shows inhibition of specific items, not general resource depletion.
Option d is incorrect because slowed processing indicates active suppression, not passive memory decay.

Correct Answer: Attention determines perception

Option b is correct because missing the gorilla shows attention determines what enters conscious perception.
Option a is incorrect because missing obvious stimuli proves vision isn't automatic but requires attention.
Option c is incorrect because the phenomenon involves perceptual failure, not memory reliability issues.
Option d is incorrect because participants missed unexpected stimuli despite looking directly at the display.

Correct Answer: Specific item effects

Option b is correct because exemplar theory explains how specific encountered examples influence categorization judgments.
Option a is incorrect because basic level preferences are better explained by prototype or hierarchical theories.
Option c is incorrect because exemplar theory emphasizes instances, not hierarchical category organization structures.
Option d is incorrect because exemplar theory uses stored examples, not abstract feature lists.

Correct Answer: Token individuation process

Option b is correct because repetition blindness shows perception requires creating distinct token representations.
Option a is incorrect because the word is semantically processed but not consciously perceived as repeated.
Option c is incorrect because the phenomenon involves visual perception, not phonological loop processing.
Option d is incorrect because the effect occurs in immediate perception, not long-term memory retrieval.

Correct Answer: Reading comprehension skill

Option b is correct because working memory span strongly predicts complex cognitive abilities like reading comprehension.
Option a is incorrect because working memory span predicts higher cognition, not basic sensory acuity.
Option c is incorrect because span tasks predict complex cognition, not simple motor reaction speed.
Option d is incorrect because working memory span predicts controlled processing, not implicit learning ability.

Correct Answer: Scaffolding support process

Option b is correct because scaffolding describes the temporary support provided within the zone of proximal development.
Option a is incorrect because Vygotsky emphasized interactive guidance, not just observational learning methods.
Option c is incorrect because reciprocal teaching is a specific technique, not Vygotsky's general scaffolding concept.
Option d is incorrect because scaffolding involves expert guidance, not specifically peer tutoring arrangements.

Correct Answer: Visual configural information

Option b is correct because verbal description interferes with holistic visual processing crucial for face recognition.
Option a is incorrect because the effect involves visual memory interference, not semantic category knowledge.
Option c is incorrect because verbal overshadowing affects visual recognition, not procedural skill performance.
Option d is incorrect because the effect specifically impairs visual configuration processing, not episodic details.

Correct Answer: Plausible false memories

Option b is correct because reconstruction using schemas can create convincing but false memories.
Option a is incorrect because reconstruction introduces systematic distortions, preventing perfect accuracy in recall.
Option c is incorrect because reconstruction maintains memories but alters them, not causing complete forgetting.
Option d is incorrect because reconstruction creates systematic schema-consistent errors, not random patterns.

Correct Answer: Competitive neural dynamics

Option b is correct because motion-induced blindness shows neural competition determines what enters visual awareness.
Option a is incorrect because disappearance occurs despite stable retinal images of the static targets.
Option c is incorrect because the effect occurs with fixed gaze, not dependent on eye movements.
Option d is incorrect because targets disappear despite unchanging luminance contrast with the background.

Correct Answer: Unconsciously acquired effectively

Option b is correct because artificial grammar studies show people learn complex patterns without conscious rule awareness.
Option a is incorrect because implicit learning demonstrates knowledge exists without conscious access to rules.
Option c is incorrect because implicit learning shows systematic pattern acquisition, not random accumulation.
Option d is incorrect because implicitly learned knowledge often cannot be explicitly verbalized despite affecting performance.

Correct Answer: Inherent inertia effects

Option b is correct because residual switch costs reveal cognitive inertia that preparation cannot completely eliminate.
Option a is incorrect because switch costs demonstrate limits to cognitive flexibility despite advance preparation.
Option c is incorrect because residual costs show preparation cannot fully overcome task-switching demands.
Option d is incorrect because costs persist despite controlled preparation, showing switching isn't automatic.

Correct Answer: Immediately after learning

Option b is correct because Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve shows rapid initial forgetting followed by gradual decline.
Option a is incorrect because most forgetting occurs within hours or days, not after weeks pass.
Option c is incorrect because forgetting is most rapid immediately after learning, not specifically during sleep.
Option d is incorrect because forgetting occurs continuously over time, not suddenly before retrieval attempts.

Correct Answer: Social psychological context

Option b is correct because stereotype threat shows social psychological factors directly impact cognitive performance.
Option a is incorrect because stereotype threat demonstrates environmental social influences beyond genetic factors.
Option c is incorrect because performance changes with stereotype activation independent of practice levels.
Option d is incorrect because stereotype threat involves social psychological factors, not sensory input quality.

Correct Answer: Dual coding process

Option b is correct because pictures generate both visual and verbal codes, enhancing memory.
Option a is incorrect because pictures benefit from multiple codes, not single visual encoding only.
Option c is incorrect because pictures provide visual imagery beyond verbal labels, creating dual codes.
Option d is incorrect because pictures are concrete representations benefiting from imagery, not abstract symbols.

Correct Answer: Retinal image variation

Option b is correct because size constancy maintains perceived size despite retinal image changes with distance.
Option a is incorrect because size constancy involves spatial perception, not compensation for color changes.
Option c is incorrect because size constancy compensates for distance-related changes, not lighting variations.
Option d is incorrect because viewing angle affects shape constancy, while size constancy handles distance changes.

Correct Answer: Source monitoring accuracy

Option b is correct because cryptomnesia results from failing to accurately monitor the source of remembered information.
Option a is incorrect because the information is encoded and remembered, but its source is misattributed.
Option c is incorrect because retrieval succeeds; the error involves source attribution, not cue effectiveness.
Option d is incorrect because consolidation occurs normally; the failure involves source memory, not consolidation.