D583 Foundations in Public Health - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Holistic framework approach

Option c is correct because a holistic framework integrates biological, environmental, social, and behavioral determinants to create comprehensive health strategies addressing multiple interconnected factors.
Option a is incorrect because individual counseling alone cannot address the systemic issues of poverty and limited healthcare access affecting the entire community population.
Option b is incorrect because focusing solely on medical treatment ignores the social determinants and environmental factors that contribute to diabetes prevalence in the area.
Option d is incorrect because a single policy change would not comprehensively address the multiple interconnected challenges of poverty, access, and health behaviors simultaneously.

Correct Answer: Closing contaminated well

Option c is correct because closing the contaminated well directly removes the environmental factor that enables the disease agent to reach the host population.
Option a is incorrect because vaccination targets the host's immunity but doesn't eliminate the environmental source of contamination that continues to expose people.
Option b is incorrect because nutrition programs strengthen the host but don't address the immediate environmental hazard causing the disease outbreak.
Option d is incorrect because increasing hospital capacity treats symptoms after infection occurs rather than preventing transmission by eliminating the source.

Correct Answer: Active case interviews

Option c is correct because active surveillance through interviews and targeted searches provides real-time data by proactively seeking cases directly from the population.
Option a is incorrect because hospital records only capture severe cases and miss mild or asymptomatic infections not requiring hospitalization in the community.
Option b is incorrect because death certificates provide historical data about fatal outcomes but cannot identify current active infections spreading now.
Option d is incorrect because insurance claims have significant delays and only capture those with coverage who seek medical care.

Correct Answer: Community-level intervention implementation

Option b is correct because implementing community-level interventions addresses the root causes of health disparities affecting entire neighborhood populations rather than individuals.
Option a is incorrect because treating individual patients doesn't address the underlying community factors creating disparities across entire neighborhoods systematically.
Option c is incorrect because hospital administration reform focuses on institutional operations rather than community-wide determinants causing health disparities.
Option d is incorrect because insurance policy changes alone cannot address the multiple social and environmental factors creating neighborhood health disparities.

Correct Answer: Primary prevention programs

Option b is correct because primary prevention through lifestyle interventions and risk factor reduction prevents disease before it occurs, providing maximum benefit.
Option a is incorrect because emergency surgery treats existing severe disease at high cost rather than preventing it from developing initially.
Option c is incorrect because tertiary rehabilitation helps those already affected but doesn't prevent new cases from occurring in the population.
Option d is incorrect because diagnostic equipment identifies existing disease but doesn't prevent its occurrence or address risk factors.

Correct Answer: Integrated vector management

Option b is correct because integrated vector management combines environmental modification, biological control, and community education to reduce disease transmission comprehensively.
Option a is incorrect because individual medication treats infected persons but doesn't prevent vectors from continuing to spread disease throughout the community.
Option c is incorrect because expanding hospitals increases treatment capacity but doesn't reduce the environmental factors enabling vector proliferation and transmission.
Option d is incorrect because insurance coverage helps with treatment costs but doesn't address the underlying vector problem causing disease spread.

Correct Answer: Sanitation infrastructure development

Option c is correct because sanitation systems including sewage treatment and clean water directly prevented disease transmission based on germ theory principles.
Option a is incorrect because insurance systems facilitate payment for care but don't directly prevent the transmission of infectious diseases.
Option b is incorrect because hospitals treat disease after infection occurs rather than preventing transmission at the community level.
Option d is incorrect because medical education expansion increased treatment capacity but sanitation infrastructure prevented disease transmission more fundamentally.

Correct Answer: Pros-cons discussion facilitation

Option b is correct because people in contemplation are weighing benefits against costs, so facilitating this discussion helps them progress toward preparation.
Option a is incorrect because demanding immediate cessation ignores that contemplators aren't ready for action and need time to resolve ambivalence.
Option c is incorrect because maintenance strategies are premature for contemplators who haven't yet decided to change or taken action.
Option d is incorrect because termination planning is inappropriate for contemplators who are still considering whether to change their behavior.

Correct Answer: Centralized state system

Option b is correct because centralized systems ensure uniform policies and coordinated statewide disease prevention through direct state control and management.
Option a is incorrect because decentralized control allows local variation in policies, preventing the uniform statewide approach the government desires.
Option c is incorrect because mixed structures balance state and local control but don't ensure the complete uniformity requested.
Option d is incorrect because private sector management wouldn't provide government control over public health policy uniformity across counties.

Correct Answer: Environmental intervention effectiveness

Option b is correct because Snow's environmental intervention of removing the contaminated water source effectively stopped disease transmission without treating individuals.
Option a is incorrect because Snow's action wasn't about standardizing treatment but rather preventing exposure to the disease source entirely.
Option c is incorrect because the intervention succeeded by addressing the environmental cause rather than expanding hospital treatment capacity.
Option d is incorrect because Snow's public health intervention prevented disease through environmental modification, not through insurance or payment systems.

Correct Answer: Barrier reduction strategies

Option c is correct because directly addressing perceived barriers like cost, time, or access removes obstacles preventing vaccination behavior adoption.
Option a is incorrect because educating about disease severity doesn't address the specific barriers preventing individuals from getting vaccinated.
Option b is incorrect because increasing susceptibility awareness won't overcome practical barriers like cost or access preventing vaccination.
Option d is incorrect because cues to action trigger behavior but don't eliminate the barriers that prevent action implementation.

Correct Answer: Health problem investigation

Option c is correct because investigating and diagnosing health problems provides immediate critical data about disaster-related health threats and community needs.
Option a is incorrect because policy development is a different core function that follows assessment and doesn't provide immediate health status information.
Option b is incorrect because workforce training falls under assurance and doesn't directly assess current community health status post-disaster.
Option d is incorrect because law enforcement belongs to the assurance function and doesn't provide health status assessment data.

Correct Answer: Active case investigation

Option b is correct because active investigation through interviews and targeted searches reveals transmission patterns and contacts for unknown diseases.
Option a is incorrect because passive collection waits for reports and misses critical transmission details needed for understanding new diseases.
Option c is incorrect because historical records cannot provide information about a newly emerged disease with unknown transmission patterns.
Option d is incorrect because insurance claims have delays and incomplete coverage, missing crucial early transmission pattern data.

Correct Answer: Observational learning process

Option b is correct because social cognitive theory emphasizes that people learn behaviors by observing and imitating respected role models.
Option a is incorrect because while environment matters in social cognitive theory, this scenario specifically demonstrates observational learning from a model.
Option c is incorrect because policy enforcement is external regulation rather than the internal learning process occurring through observation.
Option d is incorrect because genetic predisposition cannot be changed through observation and isn't part of social cognitive theory.

Correct Answer: Exposed asymptomatic individuals

Option b is correct because quarantine specifically separates exposed individuals who aren't yet showing symptoms to prevent potential transmission.
Option a is incorrect because confirmed symptomatic patients require isolation, not quarantine, since they have active disease requiring separation.
Option c is incorrect because recovered immune persons don't require quarantine as they're no longer susceptible or infectious.
Option d is incorrect because vaccinated healthcare workers have protection and don't require quarantine unless exposed despite vaccination.

Correct Answer: Institutional organizational level

Option b is correct because the institutional level examines workplace rules, policies, and structures that influence employee health behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because individual counseling addresses personal factors but not the workplace policies affecting all employees systematically.
Option c is incorrect because interpersonal support involves social relationships rather than formal workplace policies and organizational structures.
Option d is incorrect because public policy addresses broader societal laws rather than specific workplace organizational policies.

Correct Answer: Vaccination development introduction

Option b is correct because Jenner's smallpox vaccine introduced immunization as primary prevention, protecting populations before disease exposure occurs.
Option a is incorrect because antibiotics treat existing infections rather than preventing disease transmission before exposure like vaccines do.
Option c is incorrect because surgical improvements treat conditions after they develop rather than preventing infectious disease transmission.
Option d is incorrect because diagnostic testing identifies existing disease but doesn't prevent transmission before exposure like vaccination.

Correct Answer: Collaborative responsibility distribution

Option d is correct because shared structures involve collaborative decision-making between state, local, and private entities for public health.
Option a is incorrect because exclusive state control describes centralized systems rather than the collaborative nature of shared structures.
Option b is incorrect because independent local operation characterizes decentralized systems, not the collaborative shared structure approach.
Option c is incorrect because federal direct management isn't characteristic of shared structures which emphasize state-local-private collaboration.

Correct Answer: Integrated evidence-expertise-values approach

Option d is correct because evidence-based public health integrates scientific evidence, practitioner expertise, and community values for effective interventions.
Option a is incorrect because scientific evidence alone ignores community context and practitioner experience necessary for successful implementation.
Option b is incorrect because community values without scientific evidence may lead to ineffective interventions that don't achieve health goals.
Option c is incorrect because practitioner expertise alone lacks scientific validation and community input necessary for appropriate interventions.

Correct Answer: Social determinants framework

Option b is correct because Chadwick's work identifying poverty's health impact exemplifies understanding social determinants affecting population health outcomes.
Option a is incorrect because genetic patterns are biological rather than the social and economic factors Chadwick identified.
Option c is incorrect because Chadwick focused on environmental and social conditions rather than medical treatment approaches.
Option d is incorrect because insurance systems address payment rather than the social conditions Chadwick linked to health.