D583 Foundations in Public Health - Set 2 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Social factors influence

Option b is correct because social factors including economic conditions and poverty directly shape health outcomes and disease prevalence patterns.
Option a is incorrect because genetic variation alone cannot explain neighborhood-level disparities that correlate with socioeconomic status differences.
Option c is incorrect because age distribution wouldn't necessarily align with income levels to create these specific disparities.
Option d is incorrect because gender ratios don't explain income-related health disparities between different neighborhood populations.

Correct Answer: Law enforcement action

Option c is correct because enforcing regulations to remove contaminated food falls under the assurance core function's enforcement activities.
Option a is incorrect because workforce education is important but doesn't immediately address the active contamination threat.
Option b is incorrect because statistical analysis belongs to assessment and doesn't directly stop the immediate threat.
Option d is incorrect because budget review is administrative rather than the direct enforcement action needed immediately.

Correct Answer: Goal setting assistance

Option b is correct because people in preparation stage need help setting specific goals before taking action.
Option a is incorrect because relapse prevention is for maintenance stage, not for those who haven't started exercising.
Option c is incorrect because maintenance rewards are premature for individuals who haven't begun the behavior change.
Option d is incorrect because termination celebrations are inappropriate for people still preparing to start exercising.

Correct Answer: Sudden case surge

Option b is correct because epidemics involve sudden increases in cases above normal expected levels requiring immediate response.
Option a is incorrect because consistent annual rates indicate endemic disease rather than an epidemic outbreak pattern.
Option c is incorrect because predictable seasonal patterns represent expected variation rather than epidemic emergence.
Option d is incorrect because stable geographic distribution suggests endemic presence rather than epidemic spread.

Correct Answer: Scientific evidence integration

Option c is correct because evidence-based practice integrates scientific evidence with expertise and community values for effectiveness.
Option a is incorrect because political preferences alone don't ensure interventions are scientifically sound or effective.
Option b is incorrect because historical tradition without current evidence may perpetuate ineffective or outdated practices.
Option d is incorrect because media opinions lack the scientific rigor required for evidence-based public health decisions.

Correct Answer: Lifestyle education campaigns

Option b is correct because lifestyle education prevents cardiovascular disease by addressing risk factors before disease onset.
Option a is incorrect because cardiac surgery treats existing disease rather than preventing its initial occurrence.
Option c is incorrect because rehabilitation services are tertiary prevention for those already affected by disease.
Option d is incorrect because emergency response treats acute events rather than preventing disease development.

Correct Answer: Personal risk education

Option b is correct because addressing perceived susceptibility by educating about personal risk increases vaccination motivation.
Option a is incorrect because cost information doesn't address the fundamental belief about lack of susceptibility.
Option c is incorrect because location information is useful but doesn't change beliefs about personal disease risk.
Option d is incorrect because insurance details don't modify the perception of personal susceptibility to disease.

Correct Answer: Dose-response relationship demonstration

Option b is correct because showing increased disease with higher exposure levels provides strong evidence for causation.
Option a is incorrect because geographic clustering shows association but doesn't prove that pollution causes the disease.
Option c is incorrect because media attention has no bearing on whether a causal relationship actually exists.
Option d is incorrect because treatment availability is unrelated to establishing causation between exposure and disease.

Correct Answer: Active syndrome monitoring

Option c is correct because actively monitoring symptom patterns provides early detection before diagnoses are confirmed.
Option a is incorrect because annual reports have significant delays and miss emerging threats requiring immediate detection.
Option b is incorrect because death certificates only capture fatal outcomes after disease has progressed significantly.
Option d is incorrect because insurance databases have processing delays and miss uninsured populations with disease.

Correct Answer: Sanitation system implementation

Option b is correct because sanitation systems directly applied germ theory by preventing pathogen transmission through water and waste.
Option a is incorrect because psychology integration didn't directly address the microbial transmission that germ theory revealed.
Option c is incorrect because insurance programs facilitate payment but don't prevent the microbial transmission itself.
Option d is incorrect because administrative structures organize services but sanitation directly prevented disease transmission.

Correct Answer: Local autonomy maintenance

Option c is correct because decentralized structures give local governments control over public health decisions and operations.
Option a is incorrect because state directive compliance characterizes centralized rather than decentralized structural systems.
Option b is incorrect because federal oversight isn't the defining feature of decentralized state-local structures.
Option d is incorrect because private sector control isn't characteristic of decentralized public governmental structures.

Correct Answer: Primary prevention emphasis

Option b is correct because primary prevention stops disease before occurrence, providing maximum population health benefit.
Option a is incorrect because quaternary prevention prevents overmedicalization but doesn't prevent disease occurrence itself.
Option c is incorrect because tertiary prevention manages existing disease rather than preventing new cases.
Option d is incorrect because emergency treatment addresses acute events rather than preventing chronic disease development.

Correct Answer: Specific quit-date setting

Option b is correct because preparation stage individuals need concrete planning like setting quit dates to initiate action.
Option a is incorrect because ambivalence exploration suits contemplation stage rather than those already preparing to change.
Option c is incorrect because maintenance planning is premature for those who haven't yet taken action.
Option d is incorrect because risk awareness suits earlier stages since preparation stage individuals already decided to change.

Correct Answer: Institutional policy level

Option c is correct because institutional level encompasses school policies, rules, and programs affecting student health behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because individual level addresses personal factors rather than school-wide policy changes.
Option b is incorrect because interpersonal level involves peer relationships rather than formal institutional policies.
Option d is incorrect because societal level addresses broader cultural factors beyond specific school policies.

Correct Answer: Many cases, mild illness

Option b is correct because high infectivity causes widespread transmission while low virulence produces mild disease.
Option a is incorrect because high infectivity would create many cases, not few, regardless of mortality rates.
Option c is incorrect because high infectivity produces many cases rather than rare occurrences in the population.
Option d is incorrect because high infectivity means active transmission occurs, contradicting no transmission.

Correct Answer: Evacuation knowledge improvement

Option b is correct because increasing population knowledge about evacuation procedures directly improves disaster survival and response.
Option a is incorrect because documenting history doesn't directly improve current community disaster response capabilities.
Option c is incorrect because insurance helps recovery but doesn't improve immediate disaster response effectiveness.
Option d is incorrect because technology upgrades alone don't ensure communities know how to respond effectively.

Correct Answer: Disease transmission interruption

Option b is correct because quarantine interrupts disease transmission by preventing potentially infected individuals from spreading illness.
Option a is incorrect because quarantine prevents spread rather than standardizing how diseases are treated medically.
Option c is incorrect because quarantine is a containment measure rather than a research advancement method.
Option d is incorrect because quarantine addresses disease control rather than healthcare payment or financing systems.

Correct Answer: Storytelling technique application

Option c is correct because storytelling creates emotional connections and makes messages memorable across diverse audiences.
Option a is incorrect because technical details confuse general audiences and reduce message effectiveness and engagement.
Option b is incorrect because different groups respond to different formats, requiring multiple approaches for effectiveness.
Option d is incorrect because abstract concepts are less engaging than concrete stories that resonate emotionally.

Correct Answer: Environmental modification effectiveness

Option b is correct because modifying the environment by removing the contamination source effectively stopped disease transmission.
Option a is incorrect because Snow's intervention involved environmental change rather than genetic factors or screening.
Option c is incorrect because removing the pump prevented exposure rather than treating infected individuals.
Option d is incorrect because the intervention succeeded through environmental modification, not insurance or payment.

Correct Answer: Observational learning occurrence

Option c is correct because social cognitive theory emphasizes learning through observing others' successful behaviors and outcomes.
Option a is incorrect because observation involves learning from others rather than eliminating environmental factors.
Option b is incorrect because genetic expression cannot be changed through observation of others' behaviors.
Option d is incorrect because observational learning is internal motivation rather than external policy enforcement.