D583 Foundations in Public Health - Set 4 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Basic reproduction number

Option b is correct because R naught indicates how many people one infected person will transmit to on average.
Option a is incorrect because treatment costs don't indicate how readily the disease spreads through populations.
Option c is incorrect because bed availability addresses capacity rather than the disease's transmission potential.
Option d is incorrect because insurance coverage doesn't measure the disease's ability to spread between people.

Correct Answer: Assurance enforcement actions

Option c is correct because enforcing food safety regulations through closures and inspections exemplifies the assurance function.
Option a is incorrect because assessment involves identifying problems rather than taking enforcement actions against them.
Option b is incorrect because policy development creates rules rather than enforcing existing food safety regulations.
Option d is incorrect because research design supports understanding rather than immediate enforcement actions.

Correct Answer: Farmers market establishment

Option b is correct because farmers markets improve community food access and social norms around healthy eating.
Option a is incorrect because individual counseling targets personal level rather than community environmental factors.
Option c is incorrect because federal policy represents the societal level rather than community level intervention.
Option d is incorrect because workplace programs target institutional rather than community level factors.

Correct Answer: Sterilization technique adoption

Option b is correct because understanding germs cause disease led directly to sterilizing medical instruments and environments.
Option a is incorrect because insurance systems developed for financial rather than microbiological disease prevention reasons.
Option c is incorrect because psychology integration wasn't a direct result of accepting microbial disease causation.
Option d is incorrect because administrative structures evolved for organizational rather than germ theory reasons.

Correct Answer: Income-correlated health differences

Option b is correct because health outcomes varying by income level clearly indicate disparities needing targeted intervention.
Option a is incorrect because uniform distribution suggests equality rather than disparities requiring intervention.
Option c is incorrect because random variation doesn't indicate systematic disparities needing public health action.
Option d is incorrect because seasonal patterns affect everyone rather than creating disparities between groups.

Correct Answer: Role model credibility

Option b is correct because observational learning depends on the perceived credibility and influence of the model.
Option a is incorrect because genetic factors don't determine vaccination behavior learned through observation.
Option c is incorrect because temperature doesn't influence observational learning from role models.
Option d is incorrect because historical rates don't affect the modeling process in social learning.

Correct Answer: Disease mapping analysis

Option b is correct because Snow mapped cholera cases to identify the contaminated water pump causing the outbreak.
Option a is incorrect because Snow investigated transmission patterns rather than developing vaccines for cholera.
Option c is incorrect because Snow's contribution was epidemiological investigation rather than surgical innovation.
Option d is incorrect because Snow focused on disease investigation rather than insurance system development.

Correct Answer: Concise actionable content

Option b is correct because concise messages with clear actions are memorable and motivate behavioral change.
Option a is incorrect because technical complexity confuses audiences and reduces message effectiveness and retention.
Option c is incorrect because abstract concepts are harder to understand and act upon than concrete messages.
Option d is incorrect because passive voice weakens message impact compared to active, direct communication.

Correct Answer: Mammography screening programs

Option b is correct because mammography detects breast cancer early before symptoms develop, enabling prompt treatment.
Option a is incorrect because education is primary prevention rather than early detection of existing disease.
Option c is incorrect because surgery treats identified cancer rather than detecting it early.
Option d is incorrect because chemotherapy treats diagnosed cancer rather than providing early detection.

Correct Answer: Susceptibility perception increase

Option b is correct because increasing perceived susceptibility helps people understand their personal risk regardless of age.
Option a is incorrect because barrier identification doesn't address the fundamental misconception about age-related risk.
Option c is incorrect because decreasing severity perception would reduce rather than increase preventive motivation.
Option d is incorrect because reducing self-efficacy would decrease rather than increase preventive behaviors.

Correct Answer: Independent decision authority

Option b is correct because decentralized systems grant local governments autonomous control over public health decisions.
Option a is incorrect because decentralized systems minimize rather than depend on state directive control.
Option c is incorrect because decentralized systems operate with local rather than federal control requirements.
Option d is incorrect because decentralized systems allow local variation rather than uniform response mandates.

Correct Answer: Lifestyle factor emphasis

Option b is correct because Greeks emphasized diet, exercise, and lifestyle as determinants of health and disease.
Option a is incorrect because insurance models developed much later than Ancient Greek civilization.
Option c is incorrect because antibiotics were discovered in the twentieth century, not ancient times.
Option d is incorrect because vaccination techniques came centuries after Ancient Greek contributions.

Correct Answer: Severe disease manifestation

Option b is correct because high virulence means the pathogen causes significant harm and severe disease.
Option a is incorrect because high virulence produces severe rather than mild symptoms in infected individuals.
Option c is incorrect because high virulence causes symptomatic rather than asymptomatic infections.
Option d is incorrect because virulence relates to severity rather than the speed of progression.

Correct Answer: Visual element integration

Option b is correct because visuals help convey information across different literacy levels and learning styles.
Option a is incorrect because dense paragraphs are difficult for lower literacy audiences to process.
Option c is incorrect because technical terms create barriers for general public understanding.
Option d is incorrect because color and design elements enhance rather than hinder comprehension.

Correct Answer: Coping strategy development

Option b is correct because action stage individuals need strategies to handle triggers and prevent relapse.
Option a is incorrect because risk awareness suits earlier stages since action stage people already decided to quit.
Option c is incorrect because contemplation support is for those considering change, not those already acting.
Option d is incorrect because precontemplation interventions don't help those already taking action.

Correct Answer: Collaborative resource sharing

Option b is correct because shared structures involve collaborative partnerships with distributed responsibilities between sectors.
Option a is incorrect because shared structures specifically include private partners rather than exclusive government control.
Option c is incorrect because shared structures balance rather than allow private sector dominance.
Option d is incorrect because shared structures involve state, local, and private collaboration beyond federal oversight.

Correct Answer: Hygiene practice advancement

Option b is correct because the influenza pandemic caused fear that advanced hygiene practices and public health measures.
Option a is incorrect because antibiotics don't treat viral influenza and were discovered for bacterial infections.
Option c is incorrect because genetic therapy developed much later than the influenza pandemic era.
Option d is incorrect because insurance mandates weren't the primary public health legacy of the pandemic.

Correct Answer: Air quality conditions

Option b is correct because air quality directly affects respiratory health as a natural environmental determinant.
Option a is incorrect because sidewalks are built environment rather than natural environmental factors.
Option c is incorrect because building regulations are built rather than natural environment determinants.
Option d is incorrect because transportation systems are built infrastructure rather than natural environment.

Correct Answer: Service utilization analysis

Option b is correct because analyzing service utilization data reveals gaps in healthcare access and quality.
Option a is incorrect because law enforcement review belongs to assurance rather than assessment activities.
Option c is incorrect because policy preparation is development function rather than assessment activity.
Option d is incorrect because workforce planning supports assurance rather than assessment functions.

Correct Answer: Skill practice sessions

Option b is correct because behavioral capability requires both knowledge and hands-on skills for performing behaviors.
Option a is incorrect because fear messages motivate but don't provide the skills for medication management.
Option c is incorrect because genetic discussions don't build the practical capability for managing medications.
Option d is incorrect because insurance navigation doesn't teach the actual medication management skills.