D583 Foundations in Public Health - Set 5 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Public health balance

Option b is correct because public health ethics requires balancing collective health protection with individual rights and freedoms.
Option a is incorrect because maximum restrictions may violate individual rights unnecessarily when less restrictive measures work.
Option c is incorrect because prioritizing only individual freedom could endanger vulnerable populations during outbreaks.
Option d is incorrect because economic factors shouldn't override ethical obligations to protect population health.

Correct Answer: Environmental support absence

Option b is correct because reciprocal determinism shows that knowledge alone fails without supportive environmental factors.
Option a is incorrect because genetic testing doesn't address the environmental-behavioral interaction causing intervention failure.
Option c is incorrect because historical data doesn't explain current behavioral intervention failures.
Option d is incorrect because insurance coverage alone doesn't create the environmental support needed.

Correct Answer: Federal coordination beginning

Option b is correct because USPHS establishment created federal infrastructure for coordinating national public health efforts.
Option a is incorrect because USPHS represented government rather than private sector public health leadership.
Option c is incorrect because local health departments continued operating alongside the federal service.
Option d is incorrect because USPHS focused on domestic rather than international health authority.

Correct Answer: Diverse format materials

Option c is correct because varied materials including videos, testimonials, and fact sheets address different concerns effectively.
Option a is incorrect because scientific journals don't address emotional concerns or reach all parent audiences.
Option b is incorrect because mandate focus may increase resistance rather than addressing underlying hesitancy.
Option d is incorrect because single pamphlets can't comprehensively address the varied concerns parents have.

Correct Answer: Information seeking approach

Option b is correct because active surveillance proactively seeks cases while passive surveillance receives routine reports.
Option a is incorrect because while costs differ, the fundamental distinction is the data collection approach.
Option c is incorrect because technology use varies within both active and passive surveillance systems.
Option d is incorrect because geographic coverage can be similar for both surveillance types.

Correct Answer: Personalized reminder letters

Option b is correct because personalized reminders serve as direct cues triggering individuals to schedule screening appointments.
Option a is incorrect because complex calculations confuse rather than trigger action for most people.
Option c is incorrect because general statistics don't provide the personal cue needed for action.
Option d is incorrect because policy details inform but don't trigger immediate screening behavior.

Correct Answer: Interpersonal influence level

Option b is correct because peer education leverages social relationships and peer influence on behavior.
Option a is incorrect because peer programs target social rather than purely individual factors.
Option c is incorrect because peer education involves informal relationships rather than institutional policies.
Option d is incorrect because peer programs operate through immediate social networks rather than broad societal change.

Correct Answer: International travel screening

Option b is correct because travel screening at borders directly applies quarantine principles of controlling disease entry.
Option a is incorrect because vaccine passports verify immunity rather than implementing quarantine isolation.
Option c is incorrect because bed allocation manages treatment capacity rather than quarantine prevention.
Option d is incorrect because insurance verification addresses payment rather than disease containment.

Correct Answer: Graduated goal achievement

Option b is correct because achieving progressively challenging goals builds confidence through mastery experiences.
Option a is incorrect because risk information motivates but doesn't build confidence in personal ability.
Option c is incorrect because genetic information doesn't develop the confidence central to self-efficacy.
Option d is incorrect because insurance information addresses access rather than building personal confidence.

Correct Answer: Quality effectiveness combination

Option b is correct because both quality and effectiveness of medical care determine health outcome improvements.
Option a is incorrect because building design is less important than care quality for health outcomes.
Option c is incorrect because parking affects convenience rather than directly influencing health outcomes.
Option d is incorrect because gift shops don't influence the medical care affecting health outcomes.

Correct Answer: Vital statistics systems

Option b is correct because modern vital statistics directly evolved from Graunt's systematic mortality data collection methods.
Option a is incorrect because vaccine protocols developed from immunology rather than mortality statistics.
Option c is incorrect because construction standards evolved from architecture rather than mortality tracking.
Option d is incorrect because while insurance uses statistics, vital statistics systems more directly continue Graunt's work.

Correct Answer: Irregular random appearance

Option b is correct because sporadic diseases occur irregularly without predictable patterns in time or place.
Option a is incorrect because predictable timing indicates endemic rather than sporadic disease patterns.
Option c is incorrect because consistent clustering suggests endemic rather than sporadic occurrence.
Option d is incorrect because stable distributions contradict the irregular nature of sporadic disease.

Correct Answer: Purchasing power basis

Option b is correct because market justice treats healthcare as a commodity distributed through economic market forces.
Option a is incorrect because universal access reflects social rather than market justice principles.
Option c is incorrect because need-based distribution opposes market justice's commodity approach.
Option d is incorrect because random distribution doesn't reflect market-based resource allocation.

Correct Answer: Benefit demonstration emphasis

Option b is correct because demonstrating clear benefits of prevention directly addresses low benefit perception.
Option a is incorrect because identifying barriers doesn't address the fundamental low benefit perception.
Option c is incorrect because increasing fear without showing benefits won't motivate preventive behavior.
Option d is incorrect because severity information doesn't demonstrate the benefits of prevention.

Correct Answer: Consistent statewide application

Option b is correct because centralized systems ensure uniform policy implementation across all jurisdictions.
Option a is incorrect because centralized systems reduce rather than encourage local policy variation.
Option c is incorrect because centralized systems limit rather than protect community autonomy.
Option d is incorrect because centralized systems operate within rather than avoid federal requirements.

Correct Answer: Variable stage placement

Option b is correct because relapse can return individuals to any earlier stage depending on their response.
Option a is incorrect because relapse doesn't automatically mean returning to precontemplation stage.
Option c is incorrect because relapse indicates the person hasn't achieved termination stage.
Option d is incorrect because relapse is part of the change process, not permanent failure.

Correct Answer: Affected residents directly

Option b is correct because involving affected communities ensures policies address real needs and gain acceptance.
Option a is incorrect because international observers don't represent local communities affected by policies.
Option c is incorrect because researchers provide evidence but communities determine acceptance.
Option d is incorrect because media influences but doesn't ensure community policy acceptance.

Correct Answer: Health outcome changes

Option b is correct because measuring health outcome changes directly assesses whether programs achieve intended impacts.
Option a is incorrect because spending doesn't indicate whether programs actually improve health outcomes.
Option c is incorrect because staff attendance doesn't measure program effectiveness on health.
Option d is incorrect because meeting frequency doesn't assess actual health impact.

Correct Answer: Integrated surveillance enhancement

Option b is correct because enhanced surveillance detects vector expansion early, enabling targeted prevention interventions.
Option a is incorrect because hospital beds treat disease rather than preventing vector-borne transmission.
Option c is incorrect because insurance doesn't prevent vectors from spreading disease.
Option d is incorrect because vaccines aren't available for many vector-borne diseases.

Correct Answer: Mild disease manifestation

Option b is correct because low pathogenicity means the pathogen causes minimal disease severity in hosts.
Option a is incorrect because low pathogenicity produces mild rather than severe illness.
Option c is incorrect because low pathogenicity results in low rather than high mortality.
Option d is incorrect because low pathogenicity causes mild rather than rapidly deteriorating disease.