D684 Introduction to Computer Science - Set 2 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Blockchain

Blockchain creates immutable chronological chains of transactions where each block references previous ones, preventing order manipulation.
Option a is incorrect because hash tables provide fast lookups but don't maintain chronological ordering of transactions or prevent tampering.
Option b is incorrect because binary trees organize data for searching but don't create immutable chronological transaction records.
Option d is incorrect because graph structures represent relationships between nodes but don't enforce strict chronological transaction ordering.

Correct Answer: Linear algebra

Linear algebra provides matrix transformations and vector operations essential for calculating smooth interpolations between animation keyframes.
Option a is incorrect because discrete mathematics deals with distinct values, not the continuous smooth transitions needed for animation.
Option c is incorrect because Boolean algebra handles true/false logic operations, not numerical interpolation calculations for animation.
Option d is incorrect because set theory manages collections and relationships, not the numerical transformations required for animation.

Correct Answer: Circular buffering

Circular buffering automatically overwrites oldest data when capacity is reached, maintaining a rolling window of recent recordings.
Option a is incorrect because random replacement could delete recent important footage instead of consistently removing the oldest recordings.
Option c is incorrect because priority queuing manages task ordering by importance, not cyclical overwriting of old storage data.
Option d is incorrect because stack allocation uses last-in-first-out ordering, which would delete newest footage first, opposite of requirements.

Correct Answer: Heartbeat monitoring

Heartbeat monitoring sends regular signals between nodes to detect failures quickly and trigger automatic workload redistribution mechanisms.
Option b is incorrect because static allocation fixes workload distribution at start, preventing dynamic redistribution when nodes fail unexpectedly.
Option c is incorrect because manual failover requires human intervention to detect failures and redistribute work, causing service delays.
Option d is incorrect because centralized control creates single failure points where controller failure prevents any fault detection or recovery.

Correct Answer: Store and forward

Store and forward saves messages persistently before transmission, enabling retries after temporary failures without message loss.
Option a is incorrect because fire and forget sends without confirmation or retry capability, potentially losing messages during failures.
Option c is incorrect because request response requires immediate synchronous communication, failing when networks are temporarily unavailable.
Option d is incorrect because publish subscribe distributes messages to subscribers but doesn't specifically handle retry for failed deliveries.

Correct Answer: Pseudorandom generation

Pseudorandom generation uses seed values to create seemingly random but reproducible sequences, maintaining consistency across game reloads.
Option a is incorrect because true randomness cannot be reproduced, causing different enemy positions each time saves are loaded.
Option c is incorrect because sequential generation creates predictable patterns that players easily recognize, reducing gameplay challenge and interest.
Option d is incorrect because manual placement requires designers to position each enemy individually, impractical for dynamic game content.

Correct Answer: Transaction isolation

Transaction isolation ensures concurrent database operations don't interfere, preventing double-booking when multiple agents access same seats simultaneously.
Option a is incorrect because data redundancy duplicates information for backup purposes but doesn't prevent concurrent booking conflicts.
Option c is incorrect because query optimization improves search performance but doesn't address simultaneous modification conflict prevention.
Option d is incorrect because schema design defines database structure but doesn't control concurrent access to prevent booking conflicts.

Correct Answer: Composite pattern

Composite pattern treats individual layers and layer groups uniformly, enabling flexible non-destructive blending operations across layer hierarchies.
Option a is incorrect because singleton pattern ensures single instances of objects, not related to layer blending or composition.
Option b is incorrect because factory pattern creates objects but doesn't specifically handle hierarchical composition of image layers.
Option d is incorrect because observer pattern notifies about state changes but doesn't structure layer composition and blending operations.

Correct Answer: Distributed system

Distributed systems coordinate multiple facilities and vehicles as independent nodes sharing real-time tracking data across the network.
Option a is incorrect because monolithic databases create bottlenecks and single failure points when tracking across multiple geographic locations.
Option c is incorrect because standalone applications can't share real-time data between facilities and vehicles without network coordination.
Option d is incorrect because batch processing delays updates until scheduled times, preventing real-time package tracking across facilities.

Correct Answer: Incremental parsing

Incremental parsing analyzes only changed portions of code in real-time, efficiently updating syntax highlighting as users type.
Option a is incorrect because bottom-up parsing processes entire documents from tokens upward, too slow for real-time interactive highlighting.
Option c is incorrect because batch parsing analyzes complete files at once, causing delays unsuitable for responsive typing feedback.
Option d is incorrect because recursive parsing traverses entire syntax trees, inefficient for real-time updates during continuous code editing.

Correct Answer: Coprocessor

Coprocessors handle specific tasks like motion tracking independently while main processors sleep, extending battery life significantly.
Option a is incorrect because primary CPU consumes too much power for continuous step counting, rapidly draining fitness tracker batteries.
Option c is incorrect because cache memory stores frequently accessed data but cannot independently process step counting algorithms.
Option d is incorrect because virtual memory extends RAM using storage but doesn't perform independent processing during CPU sleep.

Correct Answer: Conflict resolution algorithm

Conflict resolution algorithms merge concurrent modifications intelligently, preserving all users' intended changes in collaborative editing environments.
Option a is incorrect because sorting algorithms arrange data in order but don't handle merging simultaneous modifications from multiple sources.
Option b is incorrect because searching algorithms locate data within structures but don't resolve conflicts from concurrent editing operations.
Option d is incorrect because compression algorithms reduce data size for storage or transmission, not merge conflicting user edits.

Correct Answer: Real-time computing

Real-time computing processes traffic data immediately to adjust signals dynamically, responding to changing flow patterns without delays.
Option a is incorrect because batch computing processes data in groups at scheduled times, too slow for dynamic traffic management.
Option c is incorrect because grid computing distributes large computations across networks, not optimized for immediate traffic signal control.
Option d is incorrect because quantum computing solves specific complex problems but isn't practical for traffic light control systems.

Correct Answer: Multithreading

Multithreading enables simultaneous background downloads and foreground browsing within the same application without interrupting user activities.
Option a is incorrect because single threading executes one task at a time, preventing simultaneous downloading and browsing activities.
Option c is incorrect because process blocking stops execution until operations complete, interrupting user browsing during episode downloads.
Option d is incorrect because synchronous execution waits for each operation to finish before starting next, preventing parallel activities.

Correct Answer: Expression tree

Expression trees represent mathematical expressions hierarchically, naturally encoding operator precedence for correct evaluation of complex calculations.
Option a is incorrect because linear lists don't capture operator precedence relationships, leading to incorrect evaluation of mathematical expressions.
Option c is incorrect because hash maps store key-value pairs for lookups, not hierarchical operator precedence in mathematical expressions.
Option d is incorrect because circular buffers manage sequential data with wraparound, not mathematical expression structure and precedence.

Correct Answer: Directed graph

Directed graphs represent version histories with branches and merges, enabling tracking and reverting changes across development timelines.
Option a is incorrect because linked lists only support linear history, unable to represent branching and merging in version control.
Option b is incorrect because binary trees have two children maximum per node, insufficient for multiple branches in version control.
Option d is incorrect because hash tables provide fast lookups but don't represent relationships between versions and their histories.

Correct Answer: Data sharding

Data sharding partitions files across multiple servers systematically, providing redundancy and distributing load for improved performance and reliability.
Option a is incorrect because vertical scaling increases single server capacity but doesn't distribute files across multiple servers for redundancy.
Option b is incorrect because horizontal scaling adds servers but doesn't specifically describe how files are distributed among them.
Option d is incorrect because cache warming preloads frequently accessed data into cache but doesn't distribute files across servers.

Correct Answer: Matrix transformation

Matrix transformations calculate position, rotation, and scale adjustments maintaining correct perspective as camera viewpoints change in real-time.
Option b is incorrect because string manipulation handles text processing, not the geometric calculations required for perspective rendering.
Option c is incorrect because database indexing optimizes data retrieval but doesn't compute perspective transformations for augmented reality.
Option d is incorrect because network routing directs data packets through networks, unrelated to visual perspective calculations.

Correct Answer: Encryption

Encryption transforms credentials into unreadable format, protecting them while allowing decryption with the correct master password key.
Option a is incorrect because obscurity hides information location but doesn't protect if discovered, insufficient for password security.
Option c is incorrect because compression reduces storage size but doesn't provide security protection for sensitive credential data.
Option d is incorrect because duplication creates backups for availability but doesn't secure credentials from unauthorized access.

Correct Answer: Random sampling

Random sampling selects data without patterns, preventing models from learning artificial sequences that cause overfitting during training.
Option a is incorrect because sequential sampling processes data in order, potentially causing models to learn ordering artifacts.
Option b is incorrect because stratified sampling maintains proportions from subgroups but doesn't necessarily randomize within training batches.
Option d is incorrect because systematic sampling selects at regular intervals, creating patterns that could lead to overfitting.