D684 Introduction to Computer Science - Set 3 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Low-latency design

Low-latency design minimizes delays at every level, enabling microsecond response times critical for competitive financial trading systems.
Option a is incorrect because modular design improves maintainability but may add overhead that increases latency in trading.
Option c is incorrect because fault-tolerant design ensures reliability but often adds latency through redundancy and checking mechanisms.
Option d is incorrect because scalable design handles growth but doesn't specifically optimize for microsecond-level response times.

Correct Answer: JIT compiler

Just-in-time compilers translate JavaScript to machine code during execution, optimizing performance while maintaining platform independence.
Option b is incorrect because preprocessors modify source code before compilation, not during webpage loading and execution.
Option c is incorrect because linkers combine compiled code modules into executables, not translating JavaScript during runtime.
Option d is incorrect because debuggers help find errors in code but don't translate JavaScript into machine instructions.

Correct Answer: Pattern matching

Pattern matching algorithms identify common characteristics in spam emails, enabling filters to detect and block unwanted messages effectively.
Option b is incorrect because code compilation translates programming languages, not related to identifying spam email patterns.
Option c is incorrect because memory allocation manages RAM usage, not analyzing email content for spam detection.
Option d is incorrect because process scheduling manages CPU time between tasks, not identifying patterns in email messages.

Correct Answer: Offline-first design

Offline-first design enables local transaction processing with later synchronization, ensuring payment functionality without constant internet connectivity.
Option a is incorrect because online-only processing fails completely without internet, preventing transactions when connectivity is unavailable.
Option c is incorrect because cloud-dependent architecture requires constant internet access, failing during connectivity interruptions.
Option d is incorrect because thin client models rely on server processing, unable to function without network connectivity.

Correct Answer: Lossy compression

Lossy compression removes visually imperceptible information to achieve smaller file sizes suitable for streaming bandwidth limitations.
Option a is incorrect because lossless compression preserves all data, resulting in larger files unsuitable for streaming bandwidth.
Option c is incorrect because no compression maintains original file sizes, too large for efficient streaming over networks.
Option d is incorrect because recursive compression repeatedly compresses data, which doesn't effectively reduce video file sizes.

Correct Answer: Centralized coordination

Centralized coordination synchronizes all intersection signals to create clear paths for emergency vehicles through traffic networks.
Option a is incorrect because independent operation prevents coordinated green waves, causing emergency vehicles to stop at lights.
Option c is incorrect because random timing creates unpredictable patterns, preventing systematic emergency vehicle path creation.
Option d is incorrect because fixed intervals don't adapt to create dynamic green waves for emergency vehicle routes.

Correct Answer: Vector graphics

Vector graphics use mathematical descriptions maintaining perfect precision through transformations, unlike pixel-based formats that degrade with scaling.
Option a is incorrect because raster graphics use pixels that lose quality when scaled or rotated, reducing geometric precision.
Option c is incorrect because compressed graphics may lose precision through compression, especially with repeated transformations.
Option d is incorrect because bitmap graphics are pixel-based like raster, losing precision during scaling and rotation operations.

Correct Answer: Hash comparison

Hash comparison generates unique fingerprints from file contents, reliably identifying duplicates regardless of names or metadata differences.
Option a is incorrect because file naming is unreliable since identical files often have different names across user accounts.
Option c is incorrect because size checking alone can't confirm files are identical, only that they're the same length.
Option d is incorrect because date matching doesn't identify duplicate content, only when files were created or modified.

Correct Answer: Machine ethics

Machine ethics develops frameworks for autonomous systems to make moral decisions when facing ethical dilemmas like unavoidable accidents.
Option a is incorrect because computer graphics handles visual rendering and display, not ethical decision-making in autonomous systems.
Option c is incorrect because network security protects data and communications, not moral decision-making in accident scenarios.
Option d is incorrect because database management organizes and retrieves data, not ethical reasoning for autonomous vehicles.

Correct Answer: Semantic analysis

Semantic analysis tracks symbol tables and scope rules, detecting when variable names conflict or shadow each other in nested scopes.
Option a is incorrect because lexical analysis only identifies tokens and keywords, not tracking scope and variable name conflicts.
Option b is incorrect because syntax analysis verifies grammatical structure but doesn't track variable scoping and name conflicts.
Option d is incorrect because code optimization improves performance after analysis completes, not detecting scope-related naming issues.

Correct Answer: Dynamic switching

Dynamic switching automatically selects appropriate graphics processors based on workload and power requirements, optimizing performance and battery life.
Option a is incorrect because static allocation fixes graphics processor selection at startup, preventing adaptation to changing requirements.
Option c is incorrect because manual selection requires user intervention, impractical for automatic optimization based on applications.
Option d is incorrect because random assignment would inappropriately match graphics processors to applications, wasting battery or reducing performance.

Correct Answer: Presence awareness

Presence awareness shows real-time user activities and positions, enabling color-coded cursor display for collaborative editing visualization.
Option a is incorrect because syntax highlighting colors code based on language syntax, not showing which users are editing.
Option c is incorrect because version control tracks changes over time but doesn't show real-time cursor positions.
Option d is incorrect because code folding collapses code sections for readability, not related to showing user positions.

Correct Answer: Adaptive cooling

Adaptive cooling adjusts dynamically based on real-time heat patterns and workloads, optimizing energy efficiency while preventing overheating.
Option a is incorrect because static cooling maintains constant temperatures regardless of actual heat loads, wasting energy.
Option c is incorrect because manual cooling requires human adjustment, too slow for dynamic server workload changes.
Option d is incorrect because passive cooling relies on natural convection, insufficient for high-density data center heat loads.

Correct Answer: One-way hashing

One-way hashing transforms passwords into irreversible values, allowing verification without storing actual passwords that attackers could steal.
Option a is incorrect because plain text storage exposes passwords directly if the database is compromised by attackers.
Option b is incorrect because reversible encryption can be decrypted if attackers obtain the encryption keys.
Option d is incorrect because simple encoding is easily reversed, providing no real security for password storage.

Correct Answer: Multi-threaded architecture

Multi-threaded architecture runs physics calculations and graphics rendering in parallel threads, maintaining smooth visuals during complex computations.
Option a is incorrect because monolithic architecture combines all functionality, causing physics calculations to block visual updates.
Option c is incorrect because single-threaded architecture must alternate between physics and graphics, causing visual stuttering.
Option d is incorrect because synchronous architecture waits for each operation to complete, preventing smooth simultaneous updates.

Correct Answer: Ranking algorithm

Ranking algorithms evaluate multiple factors like relevance and authority to order search results effectively for user queries.
Option a is incorrect because encryption algorithms secure data but don't evaluate relevance or authority for search ranking.
Option c is incorrect because compression algorithms reduce data size, not related to evaluating and ranking search results.
Option d is incorrect because checksum algorithms verify data integrity but don't assess relevance for search result ordering.

Correct Answer: Least recently used

Least recently used strategy removes apps unused longest, keeping frequently accessed apps in memory for better user experience.
Option a is incorrect because first-in-first-out might remove frequently used apps launched earlier, degrading user experience.
Option c is incorrect because random selection could remove actively used apps, causing poor performance and user frustration.
Option d is incorrect because largest first might remove important apps regardless of usage, not optimizing for user patterns.

Correct Answer: Out-of-order execution

Out-of-order execution reorders instructions for performance, potentially violating safety-critical sequence requirements in industrial control systems.
Option a is incorrect because cache memory speeds access to data but doesn't reorder instruction execution sequence.
Option c is incorrect because virtual memory extends RAM using disk storage but doesn't change instruction execution order.
Option d is incorrect because clock speed affects execution rate but doesn't alter the sequence of instruction execution.

Correct Answer: State serialization

State serialization saves computation state to storage, enabling calculations to resume from checkpoints after system failures occur.
Option b is incorrect because memory compression reduces RAM usage but doesn't preserve state for resuming after failures.
Option c is incorrect because process migration moves running processes between systems but doesn't create resumable checkpoints.
Option d is incorrect because load balancing distributes work across systems but doesn't save state for failure recovery.

Correct Answer: Atomic operations

Atomic operations complete entirely or not at all, preventing partial updates that could create negative inventory counts.
Option b is incorrect because delayed updates could allow overselling before inventory counts are updated across terminals.
Option c is incorrect because periodic refresh updates at intervals, allowing negative counts between refresh cycles.
Option d is incorrect because manual verification happens after problems occur, not preventing negative counts during transactions.